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摘要: 深部巖體相比淺部巖體具有強流變性、強濕熱環境和強動力災害等差異，相關巖體力學理論和開采技術不再適用于深部金屬礦開采。因此本文對深部巖體力學、深部建井提升、綠色開采、智能開采這4個金屬礦深部開采的關鍵理論技術的研究現狀進行綜述，并針對性提出未來的研究重點。最后，基于現階段深部金屬礦開采的關鍵技術和理論的研究現狀以及存在的問題，提出了發展和完善極深部巖體力學理論、進行原位流態化開采技術研究和應用以及建設超大型深部智慧化無人礦山這3個方面的展望。隨著金屬礦開采深度不斷下降，亟需研究金屬礦深部開采相關理論技術，確保深部金屬礦產資源安全、高效、經濟、環保地進行開采。Abstract: Mineral resources are essential to human life and social development and play an important role in national security and economic development. China has huge reserves of metal mineral resources, but the per capita possession is low. Especially, it is difficult for iron, copper, aluminum, and other metal mineral resources to be self-sufficient and heavily dependent on foreign countries. Because of the massive exploitation of metal mineral resources, shallow resources are becoming exhausted, and deep mining will become the main force for the supply of metal mineral resources in the future. “Going deep into the earth” corresponds to the current state of national resource strategy development. It is found that there is still a certain gap between China’s deep metal mining technology and mining depth compared with internationally developed mining countries. The mining depth of foreign mining countries is mostly over 3000 m, with three South African mines having a mining depth of over 4000 m, whereas the mining depth of Chinese mines is mostly below 2000 m, and most of the metal mines have not yet broken through the kilometer depth. Furthermore, the level of mining technology in established mining countries abroad is high, and the degree of mechanization and intelligence is high. Deep mining technology in China is insufficient to meet the need for deep mining. China still has a large gap compared with internationally developed countries; therefore, the related rock mass mechanics theory and mining technology are no longer suitable for deep metal mining. In this paper, we summarize the research status of four major theories and technologies for deep mining of metal mines, namely, deep rock mechanics, deep well building and lifting, green mining, and intelligent mining, and proposes future research emphases. Finally, based on the research status and existing problems of the key technologies and theories of deep metal mining at present, the paper puts forward three strategic ideas: deep-part construction of a super-large intelligent autonomous mine, in-situ fluidized mining, and rock mechanics. With the continuous increase of mining depth, it is urgent to study the related theory and technology of deep mining of metal mines so as to ensure the safe, efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly mining of deep metal mineral resources and ensure the resource security of our country.
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Key words:
- deep metal mines /
- rock mechanics /
- shaft construction and hoisting /
- green mining /
- intelligent mining
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圖 2 深部金屬礦巖體力學理論研究總體框架
Figure 2. General framework of theoretical research on rock mass mechanics of deep metal mines
Name Mining depth/m Country Western deep level gold mine 4800 South Africa Mponeng gold mine 4350 South Africa Savuka gold mine 4000 South Africa Tau Tona Anglo gold mine 3900 South Africa Caritonville gold mine 3800 South Africa East Rand Proprietary mines 3585 South Africa South deep gold mine 3500 South Africa Kloof gold mine 3500 South Africa Driefontein gold mine 3400 South Africa Kusasalethu gold mine 3276 South Africa Champion Reef gold mine 3260 India Kolar gold mine (closed) 3200 India President Steyn gold mine 3200 South Africa Boksburg gold mine 3150 South Africa LaRonde gold–silver–copper–zine mine 3120 Canada Andina copper mine 3070 Chile Moab Khotsong gold mine 3054 South Africa Lucky Friday silver–lead–zinc mine 3000 USA Kidd Creek copper–zine mine 2927 Canada Great Noligwa gold mine 2600 South Africa Creighton nickel mine 2500 Canada Merensky Reef platinum-palladium mine 2200 South Africa Sudbury copper–nickel mine 2000 Canada Mount Isa copper mine 1900 Australia Pribram Uranium mine 1836 Czech Republic SDAG Wismut Uranium mine (closed) 1800 Germany Cheremukhovskaya–Glubokaya copper mine 1550 Former Soviet Union Boulby Potash mine 1300 UK Noranda mine 1280 Canada 
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表 2 國外主要礦業大國深部開采研究歷程
Table 2. Research process of deep mining in major foreign mining countries
Year Research process Country 1908 Sets up rock burst commission South Africa 1942 Classical seminar on rock burst in Ontario Canada 1960s Research on monitoring rock burst using microseismic technique USA 1970s Establish a microseismic monitoring system South Africa 1977 Organized a special committee on rockburst The International Society for Rock Mechanics 1983 Carried out special research to solve the problems of 1600 m deep mining Soviet Union 1985 Ontario industry project and rockburst research program Canada 1990s Research on the differences in signals such as rock bursts, natural
earthquakes, and nuclear explosionsUSA 1998 Launched the "Deep Mine" research project South Africa 1999 Established geomechanics center Australia 2011 Research on earthquakes in deep underground mines (1000–3000 m) South Africa and Japan 2015 Established ultra-deep mining network Canada 2016 Asked three forward-looking questions European Union
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表 3 國內典型深部金屬礦山
Table 3. Typical deep metal mines in China
Name Mining depth/m Metal type Henan Qinling gold mine 1990 Gold Henan Fuxin gold mine 1600 Gold Jilin Jiapigou gold mine 1600 Gold Yunnan Huize lead–zinc mine 1500 Lead–zinc Yunnan Liuju copper mine 1500 Copper Liaoning Sishanling iron mine 1500 Iron Liaoning Hongtoushan copper mine 1300 Copper Henan Wenyu gold mine 1300 Gold Shannxi Tongguanzhongjin gold mine 1200 Gold Shandong Linglong gold mine 1200 Gold Anhui Dongguashan copper mine 1120 Copper Hunan Xiangxi gold mine 1100 Gold Xinjiang Ashele copper mine 1100 Copper Liaoning Erdaogou gold mine 1100 Gold Hebei Jinchangyu gold mine 1100 Gold Shandong Sanshandao gold mine 1050 Gold Shandong Jining iron mine 1045 Iron Gansu Jinchuan nickel mine 1000 Nickel Shandong Jinzhou mining 1000 Gold Liaoning Gongchangling iron mine 1000 Iron Hebei Shouwangfen copper mine 1000 Copper Shandong Rushan gold mine 1000 Gold
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