Directional fracture mechanism and surrounding rock damage characteristics of slotted cartridge blasting
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摘要: 依據彈性波動理論，結合沖擊波在巖石或類巖石介質中的傳播規律，建立了切縫藥包爆破時切縫方向與非切縫方向的孔壁峰值應力、粉碎區和裂隙區范圍之間的比例關系。利用AUTODYN軟件建立了切縫藥包爆破模型，在其切縫方向與非切縫方向各等間距設置5個測點，對測點處的應力峰值、爆破振動速度峰值以及峰值對應的時間進行了分析。而后基于淮南礦區顧北煤礦的巷道爆破試驗，進行了普通藥包、切縫藥包以及不同周邊孔間距的爆破試驗，研究了切縫藥包以及周邊孔間距的大小對圍巖損傷度的影響。結果表明，使用切縫藥包爆破時，在其切縫方向會產生爆轟產物射流和應力集中，同時會減弱非切縫方向的應力峰值和爆破振動速度，延緩非切縫方向的能量傳播速度，減弱非切縫方向的能量傳播大小，從而達到定向斷裂的目的；通過現場試驗可以發現，使用切縫藥包比使用普通藥包爆破后，圍巖的損傷度下降了30%以上；當使用切縫藥包爆破時，隨著周邊孔間距的增大，爆后圍巖損傷度呈下降趨勢。Abstract: According to the elastic wave theory combined with the propagation law of shock waves in rock or rock-like media, a slotted pipe wall is assumed to be elastic, irrespective of the attenuation process of detonation and shock waves in the coupling medium. The reflection of detonation and shock waves at the slotted pipe and blasthole walls is also assumed to be positive reflections, and the flow rate and internal energy constantly change with time. The proportional relationship between the peak stress of the hole wall, the range of the crushing area, and the fracture area in the cutting and non-cutting directions was established in this study. Moreover, AUTODYN software was used to establish a slit charge blasting model. Five measuring points were set at equal intervals in slit and non-slit directions. The peak stress, peak blasting vibration velocity, and peak arrival time at the measuring points were analyzed. Thereafter, based on the tunnel blasting test of the Gubei Coal Mine in the Huainan mining area, blasting tests of ordinary charge packs, slit charge packs, and varying peripheral hole spacing were performed. The crack state of the surrounding rock before and after blasting was tested through drilling peeping. Then, a two-dimensional graph of the crack development of the surrounding rock before and after blasting was imported into the customized MATLAB box dimension calculation program for calculation. The results before and after blasting were obtained based on the linear fitting curve and the box-counting dimension of the pixel information matrix of the surrounding image of rock burst cracks after blasting. The influence of the size of the slit charge and the surrounding hole spacing on the damage degree of the surrounding rock was also investigated. The results indicate that when the slit charge is used for blasting, the detonation product jet and stress concentration are produced in the slit direction. Further, the stress peak value and blasting vibration speed in the non-slit direction decline, the energy propagation speed in the non-slit direction decreases, and the energy propagation size in the non-slit direction decreases to achieve the goal of directional fracture. The results of the field test indicate that the degree of damage of the surrounding rock is reduced by >30% after using slit charge blasting compared with ordinary charge blasting. When the slit charge is used for blasting, the degree of damage to the surrounding rock reduces with an increase in the distance between the surrounding holes.
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圖 3 非切縫方向沖擊波在炮孔壁處的透反射示意圖
Figure 3. Transmission and reflection of the shock wave in non-slit direction at the blasthole wall
圖 7 切縫方向與非切縫方向測點處的應力峰值以及對應時間對比圖.（a）測點應力峰值；（b）測點應力峰值對應時間
Figure 7. Comparison of the peak stress and corresponding time at the measuring points in the cutting and non-cutting directions: (a) peak stress of the measuring point; (b) corresponding time of the peak stress for measuring point
圖 5 數值模擬測點布置圖（單位：mm）
Figure 5. Layout of measuring points for the numerical simulation (unit: mm)
圖 6 切縫藥包爆破應力隨時間變化圖.（a）6 μs；（b）7 μs；（c）8 μs；（d）9 μs；（e）10 μs；（f）12 μs
Figure 6. Chart of blasting stress versus time in the slotted cartridge: (a) 6 μs; (b) 7 μs; (c) 8 μs; (d) 9 μs ; (e) 10 μs; (f) 12 μs
圖 8 切縫藥包爆破震動速度隨時間變化圖.（a）2 μs；（b）3 μs；（c）5 μs；（d）6 μs；（e）8 μs；（f）12 μs
Figure 8. Chart of blasting vibration velocity versus time of the slotted cartridge: (a) 2 μs; (b) 3 μs; (c) 5 μs; (d) 6 μs ; (e) 8 μs; (f) 12 μs
圖 9 切縫方向與非切縫方向測點處的爆破速度峰值對比圖
Figure 9. Comparison of peak blasting velocity at the measuring points in the slit and non-slit directions
圖 10 周邊孔間距400 mm（未塞切縫管）爆破方案圖（單位：mm）
Figure 10. Blasting scheme of 400 mm (unplugged slotted pipe) surrounding the hole spacing (unit: mm)
圖 11 測孔布置圖.（a）正視圖；（b）俯視圖（單位：mm）
Figure 11. Pore layout: (a) face map; (b) prone view (unit:mm)
圖 12 各方案爆破前后圍巖爆生裂紋盒維數擬合結果.（a）周邊孔間距400 mm（未塞管，左幫）；（b）間距400 mm（未塞管，右幫）；（c）間距400 mm（塞管，左幫）；（d）間距400 mm（塞管，右幫）；（e）間距500 mm（塞管，左幫）；（f）間距500 mm（塞管，右幫）；（g）間距600 mm（塞管，左幫）；（h）間距600 mm（塞管，右幫）；（i）間距700 mm（塞管，左幫）；（j）間距700 mm（塞管，右幫）
Figure 12. Fitting results of the box dimension of rock burst cracks before and after blasting: (a) 400 mm perimeter hole spacing (unplugged, left side); (b) spacing 400 mm(unplugged, right side); (c) spacing 400 mm (plug, left side); (d) spacing 400 mm (plug, right side); (e) spacing 500 mm (plug, left side); (f) spacing 500 mm (plug, right side); (g) spacing 600 mm (plug, left side); (h) spacing 600 mm (plug, right side); (i) spacing 700 mm (plug, left side); (j) spacing 700 mm (plug, right side)
圖 13 不同方案圍巖受爆破作用的平均損傷度對比
Figure 13. Comparison of average damage degree of the surrounding rock subjected to blasting in different schemes
表 2 切縫管參數表
Table 2. Parameters of the slit tube
Material Density/
（g·cm?3）Tensile strength/MPa Impact strength/
（kJ·m–2）External diameter/
mmInternal diameter/
mmPVC 1.38 60.00 7.00 33.00 31.00 
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表 3 巖石材料參數表
Table 3. Rock material parameters
Density/
（g·cm?3）G/kPa Compressive
strength/kPaTensile strength/
kPaShear strength/
kPaLongitudinal wave
velocity/（m·s–1）2.31 1.67×107 3.50×104 3.50×103 6.30×103 2920
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表 1 炸藥參數表
Table 1. Explosive parameters
Explosivetype Density/
（g·cm–3）A/kPa B/kPa R1 R2 W C-J detonation pressure/kPa Detonation velocity/（m·s–1） TNT 0.88 3.14×108 2.78×106 4.20 0.80 0.26 7.60×106 3900
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表 5 周邊孔間距400 mm（未塞切縫管）爆破作業表
Table 5. Explosion of 400 mm (unplugged slotted pipe) hole spacing
Blasthole Borehole
numberCharge quantity Blasthole
depth/mmAngle/（°） Ignition
orderConnection
modeNumber of holes Rolls of blast holes Subtotal/kg Horizontal Vertical Cutting hole 1–8 8 3 7.1 2000 78 90 Ⅰ Parallel connection Auxiliary hole Ⅰ 9–28 20 2 11.8 1800 90 90 Ⅱ Auxiliary hole Ⅱ 29–48 20 2 11.8 1800 90 90 Ⅲ Auxiliary hole Ⅲ 49–71 23 2 13.5 1800 90 90 Ⅳ Peripheral hole 72–99 28 2 16.5 1800 90 90 Ⅴ Bottom hole 100–115 16 2 9.4 1800 90 90 Ⅴ Total 112 70.1
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表 6 爆破方案主要參數
Table 6. Parameters difference of blasting scheme
Usage of slit pipe Peripheral hole
spacing/mmCutting hole
depth/mDepth of other
holes/mExcess depth coefficient
of cutting hole/%Charge quantity of peripheral
holes
（Blast rolls/holes）Unplugged pipe 400 2.00 1.80 11.11 2 Plug pipe 400 1.90 1.70 11.76 2 500 2.00 1.80 11.11 2 600 2.00 1.80 11.11 2 700 1.90 1.70 11.76 2
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