Simulation and optimization of temperature control and industrial design of hydrogen production of biomass via microwaves
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摘要: 利用微波對生物質進行熱解制氫是一種高效、快速、環保的技術手段，由于木質素是自然界唯一可再生的芳香碳氫資源，因此以木質素為主的林木類生物質是一種很好的制氫原料。目前制約其工業化的因素主要來自微波熱點效應，因此本文通過生物質在不同微波頻率下的穿透深度，對反應器進行整體建模設計，并通過正交設計仿真、CFD及HYSYS模擬來分別獲得均勻溫度場的工況條件、最佳反應器高徑比以及工業化裝置最大產品量時的操作參數。結果表明，當微波功率密度為30 W·g–1, 物料顆粒半徑為4 mm，物料堆積密度為800 kg·m–3，反應器高徑比為2.0，水蒸氣中段和末段通量分別為290和1230 m3·h–1時，可以獲得最大量氫氣產品且溫度場均勻，此時溫度場的變異系數為0.009，氫氣的產量為922.98 m3·h–1，摩爾分數為0.4781，產率為82.49%。Abstract: Hydrogen production of biomass via microwaves is an efficient, rapid, and environmentally friendly chemical engineering technology. Lignin is the only renewable aromatic hydrocarbon resource in the nature, and thus, the lignin-based forest biomass, which has the advantages of low sulfur, is a good raw material for hydrogen production. However, the microwave hot spot effect restricts the industrial application of hydrogen production by microwave. In this study, the reactor was carried out based on the penetration depth of biomass under different microwave frequencies was designed by modeling. Orthogonal design simulation, CFD, and HYSYS were used to obtain the distribution of temperature field with different microwave power density, the radius of biomass particles, bulk density, and the coefficient of variation. Based on the results, the optimal microwave power density was 30 W·g–1, the optimal radius of biomass particles was 4 mm, and the optimal bulk density was 800 kg·m–3, at which a favorable uniform temperature field was achieved, and its coefficient of variation was only 0.009, less than the standard value of 0.01. Then, to reduce energy consumption and improve product economy, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to analyze the cloud image of hydrogen production with different height to diameter ratio of the reactor. It was found that when the height to diameter ratio of the reactor was 2.0, the hydrogen-flow could not only fully contact with the falling materials, but also achieve thermal energy circulation by using its own high temperature. Finally, the industrial process of hydrogen production of biomass via microwave was added into HYSYS, and the operating parameters of the maximum hydrogen yield of the 10000-ton industrial device were simulated and optimized. In the reforming reaction, by adding steam in the mid-piece and the end-piece, the production yield of hydrogen can be maximized and the temperature of the reactor can be maintained continuously after the heat energy of hydrogen was recovered. Under the conditions optimized, when the mid-piece and end-piece fluxes of steam were 290 and 1230 m3·h–1, respectively, a favorable hydrogen production of biomass was achieved. The output of hydrogen, the mole fraction and the yield of hydrogen production were 922.98 m3·h–1, 0.4781 and 82.49%, respectively. Moreover, the hydrogen product can reach the high standard of 6.592 g hydrogen/ 100 g biomass, which was far superior to the industry level.
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Key words:
- biomass /
- microwave /
- simulation /
- process optimization /
- reactor design
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圖 1 不同微波頻率下的生物質料對比. (a) 介電常數; (b) 損耗角正切; (c) 穿透深度
Figure 1. Comparison of biomass at different microwave frequencies: (a) permittivity; (b) loss tangent; (c) penetration depth
圖 2 微波螺旋床反應器建模示意圖
Figure 2. Modeling diagram of the microwave reactor with screw shaft
圖 3 微波制氫工業放大裝置建模示意圖
Figure 3. Modeling diagram of hydrogen production by microwaves on industrial scale
圖 4 生物質微波熱解正交設計模擬升溫曲線圖
Figure 4. Simulated of heating curves of microwave pyrolysis from biomass by orthogonal experimental design
圖 5 生物質微波熱解正交設計模擬溫度分布圖
Figure 5. Simulated of temperature distributions of microwave pyrolysis from biomass by orthogonal experimental design
圖 6 反應器不同高徑比時的氫氣流動模擬云圖
Figure 6. Cloud image of hydrogen production in the reactor with different aspect ratios
圖 7 生物質微波熱解制氫工藝設計流程圖
Figure 7. Flowchart of hydrogen production by microwave pyrolysis from biomass
圖 8 不同水蒸氣流量中的氫氣分布. (a) 中段摩爾分數; (b) 中段產量; (c) 末段摩爾分數; (d) 末段產量和熱能余量
Figure 8. Distribution of hydrogen production at different steam flows: (a)mole fraction of mid-piece; (b) output of mid-piece; (c) mole fraction of end-piece; (d) output of end-piece and thermal energy margin
表 1 正交設計試驗
Table 1. Orthogonal experimental design
No. Microwave power density/ (W·g–1) Radius /mm Bulk density /(kg·m–3) 1 10 1 300 2 10 4 500 3 10 10 800 4 30 1 500 5 30 4 800 6 30 10 300 7 50 1 800 8 50 4 300 9 50 10 500 
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