Effect of the aging process on the yield ratio of 6013 aluminum alloy extruded profile
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摘要: 以擠壓態的6013鋁合金為研究對象，通過顯微硬度測試、單向拉伸實驗和組織分析，研究了自然時效、人工時效和回歸再時效處理時合金的力學性能變化規律。結果表明：自然時效峰值狀態（16 d）的抗拉強度為286 MPa，屈服強度為158 MPa，屈強比為0.54，適合塑性成形；將自然時效峰值狀態下的試樣進行回歸再時效處理（210 °C回歸0.5 h+170 °C峰值時效2 h），抗拉強度為362 MPa，屈服強度為336 MPa，屈強比達到0.92，抗塑性變形能力顯著增強。這是因為回歸再時效后析出相的尺寸減小，數密度顯著增大，析出強化效果顯著增強。而析出強化對屈服強度和抗拉強度的影響程度不同，因此可通過時效熱處理來調控屈強比，即通過自然峰值時效提高合金的塑性變形性能以成形零件，而在零件成形后采用回歸再時效提高其抗變形能力。Abstract: Because of its high strength and good fracture toughness, 6013 aluminum alloy is widely used in auto and aircraft parts, such as the outer hood, outer decklid, and outer fuselage skin. An aluminum alloy must have good plastic forming ability in forming auto and aircraft parts and must have high deformation resistance in service. These performance requirements mainly depend on the yield ratio, that is, the ratio of yield strength to tensile strength. A lower yield ratio means larger deformation from the start of plastic deformation to the final fracture, which benefits formability. A higher yield ratio means higher plastic deformation resistance, which benefits service safety. In this paper, the mechanical properties and microstructure of the extruded 6013 aluminum alloy after natural aging, artificial aging, and retrogression re-aging are studied using microhardness tests, tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The samples after the solid solution were naturally aged at room temperature and artificially aged at 170, 180, and 190 °C to determine the peak aging time. Then, after natural peak aging, the samples were heat-treated using the retrogression and re-aging process (retrogression at 200/210 °C for 0.5 h and re-aging at 170 °C). The results show that the tensile strength was 286 MPa, the yield strength was 158 MPa, and the yield ratio was 0.54 after natural peak aging for 16 d, which is suitable for plastic forming. The tensile strength was 362 MPa, the yield strength was 336 MPa, and the yield ratio reached 0.92 after the retrogression and re-aging process (retrogression at 210 °C for 0.5 h and peak re-aging at 170 °C for 2 h); the plastic deformation resistance was considerably enhanced. Compared with single-stage artificial aging, retrogression and re-aging can enhance the yield strength of 6013 aluminum alloy more substantially to break through the yield ratio limit in single-stage aging. Because the size of the precipitated phase decreases and the number density increases considerably after retrogression and re-aging, the precipitation strengthening effect is considerably enhanced. Precipitation strengthening has different effects on yield strength and tensile strength, so the yield strength ratio can be regulated by aging heat treatment. In other words, the plastic deformation and anti-deformation abilities of the alloy can be improved by natural peak aging and the retrogression and re-aging process, respectively.
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Key words:
- 6013 aluminum alloy /
- yield ratio /
- natural aging /
- artificial aging /
- retrogression and re-aging
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圖 2 單級時效硬度變化曲線. (a)人工時效；(b)自然時效
Figure 2. Hardness curves of one-step aging: (a) artificial aging; (b) natural aging
圖 3 單級時效峰值狀態下材料的工程應力–應變曲線
Figure 3. Engineering stress–strain curves under peak aging conditions
圖 4 彎曲實驗結果. (a)人工時效; (b)自然時效
Figure 4. Bending experiment results: (a) artificial aging; (b) natural aging
圖 6 回歸再時效峰值狀態下的工程應力–應變曲線
Figure 6. Engineering stress–strain curves after the retrogression and re-aging peak
圖 7 不同峰值時效狀態下的斷口形貌.(a)自然時效16 d；(b)190 °C人工時效5 h；(c)自然時效16 d-210 °C回歸處理0.5 h-170 °C再時效2 h
Figure 7. Fracture morphology under different peak aging conditions: (a) NA 16 d; (b) AA 190 °C/5 h; (c) NA 16 d-REA 210 °C/0.5 h-RA 170 °C/2 h
圖 8 不同時效峰值狀態下的X射線衍射圖.(a)自然時效16 d；(b)190 °C人工時效5 h；(c)自然時效16 d-210 °C回歸處理0.5 h-170 °C再時效2 h
Figure 8. XRD patterns of different peak aging states: (a) NA 16 d; (b) AA 190 °C/5 h; (c) NA 16 d-REA 210 °C/0.5 h-RA 170 °C/2 h
圖 9 不同時效峰值狀態下的SEM分析結果.(a)自然時效16 d；(b)190 °C人工時效5 h；(c)自然時效16 d-210 °C回歸處理0.5 h-170 °C再時效2 h；(d)A相的EDS能譜；(e)B相的EDS能譜
Figure 9. SEM analysis results of different peak aging states: (a) NA 16 d; (b) AA 190 °C/5 h; (c) NA 16 d-REA 210 °C/0.5 h-RA 170 °C/2 h; (d) EDS spectra of A phases; (e) EDS spectra of B phases
圖 10 不同時效峰值狀態下析出相的TEM形貌及電子衍射分析結果. (a,d)自然時效16 d；(b,e)190 °C人工時效5 h；(c,f)自然時效16 d-210 °C回歸處理0.5 h-170 °C再時效2 h
Figure 10. TEM morphologies and electron diffraction patterns of precipitation after different peak agings: (a,d) NA 16 d; (b,e) AA 190 °C/5 h; (c,f) NA 16 d-REA 210 °C/0.5 h-RA 170 °C/2 h
表 1 峰值時效狀態下的單向拉伸性能
Table 1. Uniaxial tensile properties under peak aging conditions
Aging process Tensile strength/MPa Yield strength/MPa Fracture elongation/% Yield ratio NA 16 d 286±1 158±1.5 35.0±1 0.54 AA 170 °C/11 h 345±4 289±2 28.3±0.25 0.83 AA 180 °C/8 h 347±3 291.5±1.5 26.5±1.75 0.84 AA 190 °C/5 h 353±2 293±2 22.8±1.25 0.84 
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表 2 回歸再時效峰值狀態下的單向拉伸性能
Table 2. Uniaxial tensile properties after the retrogression and re-aging peak
Aging process Tensile strength/MPa Yield strength/MPa Fracture elongation/% Yield ratio NA 16 d-REA 200 °C/
0.5 h
-RA 170°C/5 h351±3 315±8 20.0±1 0.89 NA 16 d-REA 210 °C/
0.5 h
-RA 170°C/2 h362±2 336±2 19.0±2 0.92
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