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摘要: 微生物合成己酸是一種在微生物作用下，利用電子供體和電子受體開展β氧化逆循環，將短鏈脂肪酸通過厭氧發酵碳鏈延長為高價值的六碳己酸的方法。為了提高己酸產量，明確微生物合成己酸過程中還原酶與能量的供給關系、影響因素的最適范圍和影響機理十分重要。本文首先介紹了以乳酸和乙醇為電子供體的碳鏈延長機理與其中的競爭途徑，并探討了碳鏈延長中各步驟的還原酶與能量的供給關系；然后討論了乳酸和乙醇作為電子供體的碳鏈延長的pH最適范圍與頂空氣體（CO2、H2）的作用機理；最后介紹了生物電化學強化己酸合成的研究，并對今后的應用給予了展望，以期為擴大微生物合成己酸應用范圍與提高產率產量提供理論指導。Abstract: Caproic acid is a value-added product that has many uses in the preservation and synthesis of bio-energy. It is obtained via reverse β-oxidation reaction using electron donors and acceptors through the process of carbon chain elongation. The short-chain fatty acids are converted to high-value medium-chain fatty acids (such as caproic acid with six carbon chains). To improve the production yield of caproic acid, it is essential to clarify the relationship between reductase and energy supply, as well as the appropriate range of influencing factors and their mechanism in the biosynthesis process. This review paper describes the mechanisms of carbon chain elongation with lactic acid and ethanol as electron donors. Excessive ethanol oxidation, methanogenesis, and the lactate–acrylate pathways were introduced as competitive pathways during electron donor oxidation, and the corresponding inhibition methods were also reviewed. The reductase supply relationship between electron donor oxidation and electron acceptor reduction during the reverse β oxidation was discussed. In addition, this study clarified the utilization of energy by anaerobic microorganisms during the biosynthesis of caproic acid and two types of ATP synthesis: substrate level phosphorylation and electron transport phosphorylation. Electron bifurcation in the reverse β oxidation (a phenomenon in which two electrons from the same molecule are separated and redox potential is converted into energy to drive thermodynamically adverse reactions) and the role of different electron bifurcations in the production of caproic acid were evaluated. The influence of pH on the production of caproic acid driven by different electron donors was analyzed from the perspectives of competitive pathways, the growth range of functional microorganisms, and product inhibition. Regulating the collaboration between different bacterial communities and exploiting product separation techniques may enhance the production of caproic acid, and this should be investigated in the future. The role of CO2 and H2 as headspace in reverse β oxidation was investigated from the perspectives of substrates, competitive pathways, and thermodynamics. Relevant studies of the CO2 loading rate and H2 partial pressure were also reviewed. The development and current status of bioelectrochemical enhancement in the synthesis of caproic acid were examined, with emphasis on the fixation of CO2. Future research should focus on synthesizing caproic acid using lactic acid as an electron donor and organic wastewater as a substrate by bioelectrochemistry. This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the biosynthesis of caproic acid, providing theoretical guidance on how to produce it and improve its yield.
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Key words:
- caproic acid /
- biosynthesis /
- anaerobic fermentation /
- bioelectrochemistry /
- electron donors
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圖 1 乳酸的乙酰輔酶A氧化途徑和其競爭途徑
Figure 1. Acetyl-CoA oxidation pathway and competitive pathway of lactic acid
圖 2 乙醇的乙酰輔酶A氧化途徑和其競爭途徑
Figure 2. Acetyl-CoA oxidation pathway and competitive pathway of ethanol
圖 3 丁酸與己酸的生成機理
Figure 3. Diagrams illustrating the mechanism of formation of butyric and caproic acids
圖 7 幾種典型己酸功能菌的pH工作范圍
Figure 7. pH range of several typical caproic acid functional bacteria
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