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摘要: 對近年來汽車車身用新型冷軋薄板的研發進展進行了綜述，重點介紹了國內外增強成形性雙相鋼（Dual phase steel with improved formability，DH）、鋅鋁鎂鍍層鋼板和高鮮映性汽車外板的技術思路、產品優勢和應用情況。DH鋼中適量穩定性較高的殘余奧氏體大幅提高了斷后延伸率及加工硬化率，在解決沖壓開裂、實現車身輕量化方面效果顯著；鋅鋁鎂鍍層特殊的相結構決定了其優異的耐蝕性能和成形性能，在汽車內板和外板得到廣泛應用；成形零件的表面波紋度是評價高鮮映性汽車外板的重要指標，首鋼開發了表面波紋度演變機理及控制技術，解決了鋼板表面粗糙度與波紋度協同控制難題。指出了這些新型冷軋薄板要關注的生產和應用方面問題，如DH鋼中較高Al、Si含量導致的連鑄生產困難和表面質量問題、高合金含量帶來的性能波動問題、高強度級別產品的氫脆問題和鍍層板焊接的液態金屬脆性（Liquid metal embrittlement，LME）問題等；鋅鋁鎂鍍層鋼板焊接、涂裝、粘接、成形等基礎數據還不健全，高耐蝕性能還需得到更多用戶檢驗及認可；高鮮映性汽車外板還需要進一步減少表面缺陷的數量、尺寸，進一步壓制長波的表面輪廓。Abstract: The automobile industry has entered a new stage of development, with new changes in steel materials for car bodies and increasingly stringent requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper summarizes the recent research and development progress of new cold-rolled sheet steels for the car body. The technical routes, product advantages, and application of dual-phase steel with improved formability (DH steel), zinc–aluminum–magnesium (Zn–Al–Mg) coated steel, and automobile outer panels with high distinctness of image have been emphasized. In DH steel, an appropriate amount of retained austenite with high stability greatly improves the total elongation and work hardening rate, which is effective in solving stamping cracking. In addition, DH steel has a higher tensile strength under the same elongation in comparison to traditional DP steel. Thus, it is possible to make the body lightweight by applying thinner sheets. The special phase structure of Zn–Al–Mg coated steel determines its excellent corrosion resistance and formability compared with pure zinc-coated steel, which is widely used in automobile inner and outer plates. The surface waviness of parts is an important index of an automobile’s outer plate with a high distinctness degree of image. Shougang has developed the evolution mechanism and control technology of surface waviness and solved the problem of coordinated control of steel sheet surface roughness and waviness. Simultaneously, it is noted that the research and development of DH steel should focus on some production and application problems, such as continuous casting difficulties and surface defects due to high Al and Si content, mechanical property fluctuations caused by high alloy content, hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength products, and liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of the coated sheet during welding. The basic data of welding, coating, bonding, and forming of Zn–Al–Mg coated steel sheets are not perfect, and the high corrosion resistance needs to be inspected and recognized by more users. The high distinctness of automobile outer plate needs to further reduce the number and size of surface defects and decrease the longwave surface contour in the future to achieve a high degree of cleanliness and homogenization of the automobile outer panel surface. Continuously improving the performance advantages of the above materials through a combination of theoretical research, process progress, and equipment upgrading, as well as expanding their application in the automotive field, requires the joint efforts of iron and steel production enterprises, material application enterprises, and scientific research institutions.
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Key words:
- DH steel /
- formability /
- Zn–Al–Mg /
- corrosion resistance /
- high distinctness of image /
- without primer coating
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圖 1 (a) DH780和DP780工程應力-工程應變曲線對比; (b) DH780和DP780加工硬化率對比; (c) DH780的EBSD組織(紅色相為殘余奧氏體); (d) DH780與DP780整體成形性能的對比
Figure 1. (a) Comparison of the engineering stress–strain curves between DH780 and DP780; (b) comparison of work hardening rate between DH780 and DP780; (c) EBSD microstructure of DH780 (the red phase is retained austenite); (d) global formability of DH780 compared with DP780
圖 2 某車型前縱梁零件. (a) DP780; (b) DH780
Figure 2. Front longitudinal beam parts of a vehicle: (a) DP780; (b) DH780
圖 3 汽車領域應用的鋅鋁鎂鍍層微觀組織. (a) 表面; (b) 截面
Figure 3. Microstructure of Zn–Al–Mg coating used in automobile field: (a) surface; (b) cross section
表 1 首鋼DH鋼的開發與應用情況
Table 1. DH steel developed and supplied by Shougang
Steel grade Development and application status UC GI GA ZM HC330/590DH ● ● ● ● HC440/780DH ● ● ● ● HC550/980DH ● ● ○ ◎ HC700/980DH ● ● ○ ◎ HC850/1180DH ○ ○ ○ Note：● commercial supply; ◎ customer trial/prototype steel; ○ under development. 
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表 2 汽車領域部分鋅鋁鎂鍍層鋼板產品標準
Table 2. Product standard for some zinc–aluminum–magnesium coated steel plates in the automobile field
Publisher Coating composition requirements VDA 1.0%–3.0%Al, 1.0%–2.0%Mg Volkswagen Al + Mg = 1.5%–8.0% BMW 1.0%–2.5%Al, 1.0%–2.5%Mg Renault Al + Mg = 2.2%–4.0% PSA 1.5%–3.9%Al, 1%–3.2%Mg Tesla Al + Mg = 1.5%–8.0%
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表 3 主要鋼鐵企業生產的鋅鋁鎂鍍層汽車板產品及其應用情況
Table 3. Zn–Al–Mg coated automobile plate produced by main iron and steel enterprises and its application
Enterprises Product Mass fraction of Al / % Mass fraction of Mg / % Parts ThyssenKrupp ZM Ecoprotect 1.5 1.0 Inner plate, outer plate Tata MagiZinc 1.6 1.6 Inner plate Voest-Alpine Corrender 2.5 1.5 Inner plate, outer plate POSCO PosMAC 1.5 1.5 1.5 Inner plate Shougang SOZAMV 1.0–3.0 1.0–2.0 Inner plate, outer plate Baowu BaoZM 0.8–3.0 1.0–2.0 Inner plate, outer plate
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表 4 國內外開發的滿足高鮮映性涂裝的汽車外板產品
Table 4. Automotive exterior panel products developed at home and abroad to meet high freshness coating
Enterprises Interstitial free
（IF）steelBake hardening
（BH）steelHigh strength
IF steelTata ● ● ThyssenKrupp ●▲ ●▲ ●▲ Salzgitter ● Arcelor Mittal ● ● ● Baowu ●■ ●■ Shougang ●■▲ ●■▲ ●■▲ Note：●GI; ▲ZM; ■UC.
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