“雙碳”背景下低碳排煉鋼流程選擇及關鍵技術

張福君; 楊樹峰; 李京社; 劉威; 王田田

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.12.29.004

“雙碳”背景下低碳排煉鋼流程選擇及關鍵技術

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.12.29.004

北京科技大學冶金與生態工程學院，北京 100083

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金資助項目（51734003）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
楊樹峰, E-mail: yangshufeng@ustb.edu.cn

李京社, E-mail: Lijingshe@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TF741.5
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- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-29
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-03-07
- 刊出日期: 2022-09-01

Selection and key technologies of low-carbon steelmaking processes under the background of “Double Carbon”

School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: YANG Shu-feng, E-mail: yangshufeng@ustb.edu.cn; LI jing-she, E-mail: Lijingshe@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: “碳達峰”、“碳中和”是一個總體的宏觀概念，為中國未來經濟與環境發展提供了籠統的理論框架與基本理念。基于“雙碳”目標的深度解析，中國鋼鐵行業處于“碳鎖定”狀態，只有同時進行技術和制度變革才能實現“碳解鎖”。結合當前鋼鐵工業生產結構、冶煉原材料供應、冶煉能源、節能減排水平以及CO₂排放現狀，給出了合理的碳達峰時間及峰值。未來二三十年中國鋼鐵生產主要流程依然是長流程和短流程并存，氫冶金技術還難以進行工業生產，提升全廢鋼短流程煉鋼的比例是降低碳排放的主要措施。從長遠來看，長流程中煉鐵工藝由碳還原逐漸向氫還原是大勢所趨，煉鐵工序的產品將由原來的高碳鐵水轉變為低碳鐵水或直接還原鐵（DRI），具有較高脫碳的轉爐煉鋼就沒有明顯優勢，發展電弧爐煉鋼流程是必然選擇。但實現“碳中和”還要依靠氫冶金，碳捕集、利用與封存技術的發展和應用，以及制度的變革。基于近年在全廢鋼電弧爐相關方面的理論研究、裝備開發與實踐的深入研究，針對全廢鋼電弧爐冶煉工藝存在的問題，開發了一系列關鍵技術，實現在全廢鋼條件下滿足當前連鑄生產工藝節奏以及鋼液質量的控制，為全廢鋼電弧爐的發展提供理論支持。
- 碳達峰 /
- 碳中和 /
- 鋼鐵工業 /
- 節能減排技術 /
- 全廢鋼電弧爐
Abstract: “Carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization” are macro concepts that provide a general theoretical framework and basic ideas for China’s future economic and environmental development. Based on the in-depth analysis of the “double carbon” goal, China’s iron and steel industry is in a “carbon lock” state. Only by carrying out technological and institutional changes simultaneously can the “carbon unlock” be realized. The reasonable carbon peak time and peak value are given when the current production structure of the iron and steel industry, supply of smelting raw materials, smelting energy, energy conservation, emission reduction level, and CO₂ emission status are combined. In the next two or three decades, the main process of China’s iron and steel production is still the coexistence of long process and short process. Hydrogen metallurgy technology is still difficult to carry out in industrial production. The main measure to reduce carbon emissions is to increase the proportion of all scrap short process steelmaking. In the long run, it is generally accepted that the ironmaking process in the long term will gradually change from carbon reduction to hydrogen reduction. For the ironmaking process, the products will change from the original high-carbon molten iron to low-carbon molten iron or DRI. Converter steelmaking with high decarburization has no obvious advantages, and the development of the EAF steelmaking process is an inevitable choice. However, the realization of “carbon neutralization” depends on the development and application of hydrogen metallurgy, carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology, and the reform of the system. Based on an in-depth study of the theoretical research, equipment development, and practice of all scrap electric arc furnaces in recent years, aiming at the problems existing in the smelting process of all scrap electric arc furnaces, a series of key technologies have been developed to meet the current continuous casting production process rhythm and liquid steel quality control under the condition of all scrap, to provide theoretical support for the development of all scrap electric arc furnace.
- carbon peak /
- carbon neutral /
- iron and steel industry /
- energy saving and emission reduction technology /
- all scrap electric arc furnace

HTML全文

圖 1 1991—2019年中國鋼鐵行業粗鋼產量和CO₂排放總量、噸鋼CO₂排放

Figure 1. 1991—2019 China’s steel industry’s crude steel production and total CO₂ emissions, CO₂ emissions per ton of steel

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圖 2 不同工藝流程噸鋼碳排放量

Figure 2. Carbon emissions per ton of steel in different processes

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圖 3 2010—2020年中國鐵礦石進口量

Figure 3. China’s iron ore import volume from 2010 to 2020

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圖 4 社會鋼鐵積蓄量與產生量統計預測^[40]

Figure 4. Statistical forecast of social steel storage and production^[40]

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圖 5 廢鋼熔化傳熱示意圖

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of melting heat transfer of scrap steel

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圖 6 廢鋼中心溫度隨浸入時間的變化

Figure 6. Change of core temperature of scrap steel with immersion time

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圖 7 廢鋼中心溫度隨浸入時間的變化

Figure 7. Change of core temperature of scrap steel with immersion time

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圖 8 氧氣射流流場示意圖

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of oxygen jet flow field

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圖 9 噴吹脫磷反應原理示意圖

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the principle of spray dephosphorization reaction

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圖 10 CO₂?Ar動態底吹脫氮示意圖

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of CO₂?Ar dynamic bottom-blowing nitrogen removal

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表 1 國際部分長流程企業噸鋼CO₂排放數據

Table 1. CO₂ emission data per ton of steel for some international long-process enterprises

Year	CO₂ emission data per ton of steel/t
Year	Nippon Steel	JFE	POSCO	NLMK	Severstal	Arcelor- Mittal	Tata Steel	China Steel
2016	1.99	2.02	1.88	1.91	1.99	2.14	2.30	—
2017	2.01	2.06	1.90	1.90	1.91	1.12	2.29	1.89
2018	2.02	2.04	1.92	1.91	2.10	2.12	2.30	1.63

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表 2 CO₂脫除的方法和原理^[29]

Table 2. Methods and principles of CO₂ removal^[29]

Principle	Method	Process advantage	Process disadvantages
Physical method	Adsorption method	Simple process and low energy consumption	High consumption of adsorbent, frequent desorption, and a high degree of automation
	Membrane separation	Simple operation, low pollution, high extraction efficiency	The membrane is susceptible to chemical damage, and there must be a pressure difference before and after the separation membrane
	Cryogenic distillation	The process is simple, the removal efficiency is high, and it is easy to realize	Large equipment, high energy consumption, the poor separation effect
	Solvent adsorption method	The process is simple, the operation is reliable, and the solvent is cheap and easy to get	High equipment investment, high operating cost, and environmental pollution
Chemical method	Ammonia washing method	With high removal efficiency, the adsorbent can be recycled	The equipment is corrosive, and the adsorbent recovery requires energy
	Amine method	With high removal efficiency, the adsorbent can be recycled	Low load capacity, the high corrosion rate of the equipment, easy degradation of amines
	Electrochemical method	High removal efficiency and low removal cost	Electrolyte preparation is difficult, equipment is prone to corrosion, and the battery is prone to poisoning
	Cyclic combustion method	Simple process and low energy consumption	The scope of application is limited, suitable for only CO₂ and H₂O in the exhaust gas

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表 3 熔化各階段限制性環節及優化措施

Table 3. Restrictive links and optimization measures at each stage of melting

Melting stage	Heat transfer equation	Heat flux relationship	Limiting factor	Optimization measures
Initial stage steel	Q=h·ΔT	Q_s-lo>Q_lo>Q_l	Form a steel shell;	Increase scrap preheating temperature;
			air gap reduces heat transfer coefficient;	Increase scrap preheating temperature;
			form "iceberg”, reduce the specific surface area	optimize feeding method
Main melting period		Q_s-hi<Q_hi<Q_l	Reduce temperature gradient	Integrated mixing technology to improve heat transfer coefficient
Heat penetration fast melting		Q_s-hi=Q_hi<Q_l	Further, reduce the temperature gradient	Increase heating rate, increase the temperature gradient

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表 4 不同脫磷方法的爐渣組成^[62]

Table 4. Slag composition of different dephosphorization methods^[62]

Dephosphorization method	Steel slag sample	CaO mass fraction/%	P₂O₅ mass fraction/%	SiO₂ mass fraction/%	T.Fe mass fraction/%	MgO mass fraction/%
Traditional dephosphorization	Slag particles 1	38.8	2.8	11.4	28.2	3.9
Traditional dephosphorization	Slag particles 2	41.6	3.7	12.9	26.7	5.4
Efficient dephosphorization	Slag particles 1	60.4	17.3	14.8	0.9	0.4
Efficient dephosphorization	Slag particles 2	66.3	10.4	14.7	0.9	0.3

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