Mechanism analysis and type determination of the rockburst of the Gaoloushan tunnel based on a study of rockburst fragments
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摘要: 在建高樓山隧道是通達隴南市及四川省九寨溝的控制性工程，項目具有“三高一大”的特點，是復雜地質條件下深埋特長公路隧道的典型代表。以現場兩種巖爆類型為研究對象，通過沖擊巖爆實驗系統并設定不同應力路徑，首先進行了巖爆實驗全過程分析，而后對比研究了板裂屈曲型巖爆實驗碎屑(巖爆碎屑1)、爆破沖擊型巖爆實驗碎屑(巖爆碎屑2)和現場收集的不知類型的巖爆碎屑(巖爆碎屑3)的質量、尺度分布及形狀分形維數特征。在此基礎上，結合巖爆實驗圖像變化過程，深化了對不同類型巖爆碎屑成因及巖爆機理的認識。結果表明：(1)板裂屈曲型巖爆和爆破沖擊型巖爆區別在于破壞主導機制不同，一種為張拉破壞主導，另一種為張剪破壞主導。(2)巖爆碎屑1以中粒、條板狀碎屑為主，在長度方向上更容易破碎，且質量遠大于巖爆碎屑2，這與豎向應力集中形成板裂化結構的板裂屈曲型巖爆孕育機制密不可分。(3)動載的介入使得巖爆碎屑2受剪切作用明顯，因而在厚度方向的破碎更容易且破碎程度更高，形成以粗粒、片狀碎屑為主的碎屑，該類型碎屑在現場巖爆中由于質量較大、體積較大、彈射距離較遠，因此危害性可能更大。(4)通過上述比對分析，可基本判定巖爆碎屑3對應的巖爆類型為爆破沖擊型，且片狀、“V”形特征碎屑為該類型巖爆特有的碎屑類型。Abstract: The Gaoloushan Tunnel is a control project for Longnan city and Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan Province. With the characteristics of "three high and one large," this project is a typical representative of a deeply buried, long highway tunnel under complex geological conditions. In this dissertation, two types of rockburst in the field are taken as the research objects. By impacting a rockburst experimental system and setting different stress paths, an image acquisition system recorded the entire process of impact rockburst and slab buckling rockburst in real time to analyze the characteristics of spalling and ejection. Rockburst due to static loading was performed and compared with rockburst caused by static loading + dynamic loading. Then, the quality, scale distribution, shape, and fractal dimension of slab buckling rockburst test fragments (rockburst fragments 1), impact rockburst test fragments (rockburst fragments 2), and unknown types of rockburst fragments (rockburst fragments 3) collected in the field were compared. On this basis, the image change process of the rockburst test was combined to deepen the understanding of the causes of different types of rockburst fragments and the rockburst mechanism. The results show that (1) slab-buckling rockburst and impact rockburst differ in the damage dominant mechanism, one being tension damage dominant, the other being tension-shear damage dominant. V-shaped and pan-shaped rockburst pit shapes are consistent with the on-site rockburst situation, which proves the rationality of this experiment. Slab-buckling rockburst has attenuation characteristics during the rockburst process, unlike the impact rockburst. From an analysis of debris ejection velocity and rockburst pit shape, impact rockburst is more severe than slab buckling rockburst. (2) Type 1 rockburst fragments are dominated by medium-grained slate fragments, which are more easily broken in the length direction and have a much larger mass than rockburst fragments 2, which is closely related to the incubation mechanism of slab buckling rockburst with a slabbing failure structure formed by vertical stress concentration. (3) Because of the intervention of dynamic load, type 2 rockburst fragments are obviously sheared, so they are easier and more broken in the thickness direction, forming fragments dominated by coarse-grained flake fragments, which may be more harmful because of their large mass, large volume, and long ejection distance in on-site rockburst. (4) The above comparison and analysis show that type 3 rockburst fragments probably correspond to impact rockburst, and the flaky and "V"-shaped characteristics are a unique fragment type of this rockburst.
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圖 1 現場巖爆現象. (a) 板裂構造; (b) 板裂屈曲型巖爆; (c)爆破沖擊型巖爆
Figure 1. Rockburst phenomenon: (a) crack structure; (b) slab buckling rockburst; (c) impact rockburst
圖 2 試件照片及尺寸設計圖. (a) 變質砂巖試件照片; (b) 尺寸設計及各部分命名
Figure 2. Photographs and dimensional design of specimens: (a) photographs of metamorphic sandstone specimens; (b) dimensional design and naming of each part
圖 3 沖擊巖爆實驗系統. (a) 實驗系統原理圖; (b) 實驗系統圖片
Figure 3. Experimental system of impact rockburst: (a) schematic diagram of the test system; (b) picture of the test system
圖 4 板裂屈曲型巖爆實驗應力?時間分布特征
Figure 4. Stress–time distribution characteristics of the slab buckling rockburst test
圖 5 板裂屈曲型巖爆實驗過程圖像. (a) t = 0 s, σv = 0 MPa, σh = 0 MPa; (b) t = 320 s, σv = 22.4 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (c) t = 713 s, σv = 52 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (d) t = 777 s, σv = 57 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (e) t = 1034 s, σv = 76.9 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (f) t = 1081 s, σv = 80.8 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (g) t = 1083 s, σv = 73.7 MPa, σh = 28.6 MPa; (h) t = 1084 s, σv = 70.2 MPa, σh = 28.5 MPa
Figure 5. Images of slab buckling rockburst test process: (a) t = 0 s, σv = 0 MPa, σh = 0 MPa; (b) t = 320 s, σv = 22.4 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (c) t = 713 s, σv = 52 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (d) t = 777 s, σv = 57 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (e) t = 1034 s, σv = 76.9 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (f) t = 1081 s, σv = 80.8 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (g) t = 1083 s, σv = 73.7 MPa, σh = 28.6 MPa; (h) t = 1084 s, σv = 70.2 MPa, σh = 28.5 MPa
圖 6 爆破沖擊型巖爆應力?時間分布特征
Figure 6. Stress–time distribution characteristics of impact rockburst
圖 7 爆破沖擊型巖爆實驗過程圖像. (a) t = 0 s, σv = 0 MPa, σh = 0 MPa; (b) t = 320 s, σv = 22.2 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (c) t = 690 s, σv = 52.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (d) t = 824 s, σv = 54 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (e) t = 1009 s, σv = 56.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (f) t = 1413 s, σv = 61.9 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (g) t = 1575 s, σv = 63.6 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (h) t = 2104 s, σv = 70.3 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (i) t = 2114 s, σv = 70.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa
Figure 7. Images of the impact rockburst test process: (a) t = 0 s, σv = 0 MPa, σh = 0 MPa；(b) t = 320 s, σv = 22.2 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (c) t = 690 s, σv = 52.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (d) t = 824 s, σv = 54 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (e) t = 1009 s, σv = 56.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (f) t = 1413 s, σv = 61.9 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (g) t = 1575 s, σv = 63.6 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (h) t = 2104 s, σv = 70.3 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa; (i) t = 2114 s, σv = 70.1 MPa, σh = 28.1 MPa
圖 8 巖爆各粒徑碎屑分布圖. (a) 巖爆碎屑1; (b) 巖爆碎屑2; (c) 巖爆碎屑3
Figure 8. Distribution map of various particle sizes for rockburst fragments: (a) rockburst fragment type 1; (b) rockburst fragment type 2; (c) rockburst fragment type 3
圖 9 巖爆碎屑1、2中、粗粒碎屑Image-Pro-Plus處理圖. (a) 巖爆碎屑1; (b) 巖爆碎屑2
Figure 9. Image-Pro-Plus processing images of coarse grain debris in rockburst fragment types 1 and 2; (a) rockburst fragment type 1; (b) rockburst fragment type 2
圖 10 巖爆碎屑長、寬、厚比值圖. (a) 巖爆碎屑1; (b) 巖爆碎屑2; (c) 巖爆碎屑3
Figure 10. Pairwise ratio of the length, width, and thickness of rockburst fragments: (a) rockburst fragment type 1; (b) rockburst fragment type 2; (c) rockburst fragment type 3
圖 11 巖爆碎屑粒度?數量分形維數
Figure 11. Granularity–quantity fractal dimension of rockburst fragments
圖 12 巖爆碎屑粒度?質量分形維數
Figure 12. Granularity–quality fractal dimension of rockburst fragments
圖 13 巖爆碎屑長、寬、厚度?數量分形維數. (a) 巖爆碎屑1; (b) 巖爆碎屑2; (c) 巖爆碎屑3
Figure 13. Thickness–quantity fractal dimension of rockburst fragments: (a) rockburst fragment type 1; (b) rockburst fragment type 2; (c) rockburst fragment type 3
圖 14 巖爆碎屑2和3“V”形碎屑. (a) 巖爆碎屑2; (b) 巖爆碎屑3
Figure 14. “V”-shaped fragments in rockburst fragment types 2 and 3: (a) rockburst fragment type 2; (b) rockburst fragment type 3
表 1 X-射線衍射分析表
Table 1. X-ray diffraction analysis table
Mineral quality content/% Relative quality content of
clay minerals/%Quality ratio of the mixed layer/% Quartz K-feldspar Plagioclase Calcite Pyrite Clay minerals S I/S I K C C/S I/S C/S 78.2 — 2.3 17.8 — 1.7 — — 72 — 28 — — — Notes：S is Monazite category; I/S is Illite-Montmorillonite mixed-layer; I is Illite; K is kaolinite; C is Chlorite; C/S is Chlorite-Montmorillonite mixed-layer. 
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表 2 巖爆碎屑1、2質量分布及質量占比分布表
Table 2. Quality distribution and quality proportion distribution table of rockburst fragments 1 and 2
Fragment name Fragment interval/mm Rockburst fragment type 1 Rockburst fragment type 2 Quality/g Quality percentage/% Quality/g Quality percentage/% Micro-grained fragment <0.075 4.3 1.67 1.7 1.17 Fine-grained fragment 0.075–0.25 9.1 3.52 3.3 2.27 0.25–0.5 8.3 3.21 3.0 2.06 0.5–1 14.6 5.65 4.2 2.89 1–2 11.2 4.34 3.7 2.55 2–5 46.9 18.16 19.1 13.15 Medium-grained fragment 5–10 72.3 28.00 27.3 18.79 10–30 70.3 27.23 16.0 11.01 Coarse-grained fragment >30 21.2 8.21 67.0 46.11 Total 258.2 100 145.3 100
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表 3 巖爆碎屑3質量分布及質量占比分布表
Table 3. Quality distribution and quality proportion distribution table of rockburst fragment type 3
Fragment name Fragment interval/mm Rockburst fragment type 3 Quality/g Quality percentage/% Micro-grained fragment 10–30 6 0.05 30–50 74 0.59 Fine-grained fragment 50–100 104 0.83 100–150 267 2.12 150–200 1597 12.71 Medium-grained fragment 200–250 1275 10.14 250–300 2644 21.04 Coarse-grained fragment >300 4453 35.43 Total 12569 100
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表 4 巖爆碎屑1、2、3體積特征統計
Table 4. Volume characteristics of medium/coarse grain in rockburst fragment types 1, 2, and 3
Type Number of sampling statistics Length/Thickness Length/Width Width/Thickness Vmin–Vmax Vave/δ Vmin–Vmax Vave/δ Vmin–Vmax Vave/δ Rockburst fragment type 1 (Medium/coarse grain) 50 1.47–7.47 3.96/1.86 1.01–3.56 1.82/0.45 1.06–6.79 2.36/1.03 Rockburst fragment type 2 (Medium/coarse grain) 50 1.65–20.01 4.85/13.74 1.04–5.01 1.65/0.52 0.88–8.44 3.00/2.59 Rockburst fragment type 3 30 2.05–11.00 5.57/4.18 1.07–2.91 1.68/0.22 1.16–9.50 3.56/2.83
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表 5 巖爆碎屑1、2、3分形維數匯總表
Table 5. Summary of fractal dimensions of rockburst fragment types 1, 2, and 3
Experiment number Rockburst fragment type 1 Rockburst fragment type 2 Rockburst fragment type 3 Granularity–
Quantity2.055 1.935 1.851 Granularity–
Quality2.751 2.698 2.667 Length–
Quantity1.589 1.749 1.019 Thickness–
Quantity1.741 1.338 0.898 Width–
Quantity2.141 2.019 0.961
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