Experiment study on overdepth coefficient of the cut hole in coal mine roadway excavation blasting
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摘要: 煤礦巖巷鉆爆施工中，速度的關鍵在于掏槽。隨著巖巷掘進工程量不斷增大，雖然炮孔深度逐漸增大，但是掏槽孔超出普通孔的長度并沒有改變，基本保持在200 mm及以下。針對掏槽孔超深與炮孔利用率這一問題，本文在超深系數η的基礎上，引入裂隙區重合度φ的概念，利用數學建模方法，分析了不同超深深度爆破時的巖石應力狀態，建立了超深深度及巖石碎脹系數之間的關系，并確定了掏槽槽腔主要參數的計算公式及取值范圍，發現存在最優掏槽孔超深系數η和裂隙區重合度φ，使得炮眼利用率最高。利用LS-DYNA數值模擬分析了掏槽孔超深爆破時爆炸應力波的傳播規律和孔底巖石的受力特征，并比較了200、300、400和500 mm不同超深深度的應力波強度變化特征并應用于巖巷掘進現場，對比了超深爆破方案和普通爆破方案的單循環進尺、炮孔利用率、眼痕率及大塊率等爆破效果指標。結果表明，當超深深度為400 mm時，炸藥爆破能量充分用于破巖，能量利用率最高，爆破后形成重疊的裂隙區，增大了后續爆破的自由面，提高了爆破破巖的效率，對巖巷鉆爆法施工的參數優化有一定的指導意義。Abstract: In rocky road drilling and blasting in coal mines, the key to work efficiency is cutting. Although blast hole depth has steadily increased with increasing rocky road excavation activities, the cut hole depth is still ordinarily shallow, which is normally kept at 200 mm or less. Using an intelligent design system, a key technology, and equipment matching research of a drilling and blasting method in the Huainan mining area as the engineering background, this paper conducts research on the overdepth coefficient of cutting holes and the optimization of cutting-blasting parameters, aiming at the excessive number of full section blast holes in the mining area and the randomness and irrationality of blast hole layout. The overdepth coefficient, η, was obtained by theoretical derivation, numerical modeling, field testing, and monitoring. Based on this, the coincidence degree of fracture area, φ, is also introduced. This paper analyzes the rock stress state and stress wave attenuation phenomenon during blasting with different overdepths, establishes the relationship between the overdepth and stress between cut holes, determines the calculation formula and value range of the key parameters of the cut cavity, and investigates whether there is an optimal cut hole overdepth coefficient. The coincidence degree with fracture area increases the explosive blasting energy utilization rate and provides a theoretical basis for decreasing the charge and number of holes while retaining the blasting impact. The propagation law of explosion stress wave and the distribution and evolution law of effective stress in rock mass during overdepth blasting of cutting holes at different depths are explored using LS-DYNA numerical simulation, and the variation characteristics of stress wave intensity at different overdepth stress measuring points are compared, based on the geomechanical parameters of surrounding rock in Gubei Coal Mine. The effect of varying cut hole depths on the free surface after blasting and the blasting effect is revealed; overdepth blasting schemes of 200, 300, 400, and 500 mm are applied to the rocky road excavation site. The blasting effect indicators such as single cycle footage, blast hole utilization rate, explosive unit consumption, block rate of each overdepth blasting scheme, and ordinary blasting scheme are compared, and the effect of different overdepths on the quality and effect of cutting-blasting is compared and analyzed. On this premise, the blast hole layout is refined further, the number of blast holes is reduced, and the optimal blasting scheme is determined. The results show that the coincidence degree of fracture area increases as the overdepth coefficient increases, and the blast hole utilization rate initially increases and then decreases as the overdepth coefficient increases, between 0.17 and 0.22, causing the blast hole utilization rate to the peak. This theory proposes a novel approach to increasing the blast hole utilization rate. When the depth of the overdepth is 400 mm, The blasting energy is primarily used to create a crack area around the cut hole, which provides enough free surface for the subsequent central hole and auxiliary hole blasting, reduces the difficulty of rock breaking, increases the volume of the blasting chamber, and facilitates subsequent rock throwing. Simultaneously, the effective stress of each measuring point decays slowly with time, the average stress is higher, and the tensile fracture effect of the stress wave on the surrounding rocks increases and prolongs, creating a complete and even rock mass fracture. The blast hole utilization rate reaches the maximum of 95.2%, the bulk rate and explosive unit consumption are significantly reduced, the rate of half-hole mark rate is significantly increased, and the road construction quality is good. It demonstrates that ultra-deep blasting can enhance not only the blast hole utilization rate but also the blasting impact and road construction quality, which has some guiding significance for the parameter optimization of rocky road drilling and blasting construction.
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圖 3 超深系數與裂隙區重合度、炮孔利用率關系圖
Figure 3. Relation diagram of ultra-deep coefficient with coincidence degree of fracture zone and utilization ratio of blast hole
圖 4 超深200 mm炮孔布置及孔底處測點選擇圖
Figure 4. Arrangement of 200 mm overdepth blast holes and selection of measuring points at the hole bottom
圖 5 超深400 mm方案爆破應力波強度變化特征圖.（a）99 μs;（b）199 μs;（c）399 μs;（d）599 μs;（e）799 μs;（f）999 μs
Figure 5. Variation characteristics of blasting stress wave intensity of overdepth 400 mm scheme:（a）99 μs;（b）199 μs;（c）399 μs;（d）599 μs;（e）799 μs;（f）999 μs
圖 6 不同超深爆破方式下孔底有效應力變化曲線.（a）200 mm;（b）300 mm;（c）400 mm;（d）500 mm
Figure 6. Variation curve of effective stress at hole bottom under different ultra deep blasting methods:（a）200 mm;（b）300 mm;（c）400 mm;（d）500 mm
圖 7 不同超深爆破方式下各測點的有效應力峰值
Figure 7. Effective stress peak value of each measuring point under different ultra deep blasting methods
圖 8 原始爆破方案爆破效果部分照片.（a）爆后斷面圖;（b）爆破產生大塊矸石圖
Figure 8. Photos of blasting effect of original blasting scheme: (a) section after blasting; (b) large gangue produced by blasting
圖 10 原方案與新方案爆破效果對比圖.（a）單循環進尺;（b）炮孔利用率;（c）眼痕率;（d）大塊率;（e）爆堆范圍;（f）炸藥單耗
Figure 10. Comparison of blasting effect between the original scheme and the new scheme: (a) single cycle footage; (b) hole utilization rate; (c) half-hole marks; (d) large block rate; (e) explosive range; (f) explosive unit consumption
表 1 砂巖巖石力學參數表
Table 1. Mechanical parameters of sandstone
Rock name $\rho$/
（kg·m?3）$ {\text{C}}_{\text{p}} $/
（m·s?1）${\sigma }_{\text{cd} }$/MPa ${\sigma }_{\text{td} }$/MPa $\mu$ E/GPa Sandstone 2400 4000 120 12 0.25 40 
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表 2 爆破用炸藥參數
Table 2. Parameters of explosives used in blasting
Density/
（g·cm-3）Burst velocity/
（m·s-1）Burst pressure/GPa JWL Equation of state parameters A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 E0/GPa 1.6 3800 2.55 214.4 0.185 4.15 0.95 4.19
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表 3 巖石模型力學參數
Table 3. Mechanical parameters of rock model
Density/
（g·cm-3）Modulus of elasticity/GPa Dynamic compressive strength/MPa Dynamic tensile strength/MPa μ 2.16 38.5 128 16.3 0.27
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表 4 炮泥模型力學參數
Table 4. Mechanical parameters of blasting mud model
Density/
（g·cm-3）Shear modulus/
MPaCohesion/MPa Internal friction angle/（°） μ 1.35 30 0.29 0.62 0.29
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表 5 4種新方案的部分主要參數
Table 5. Some main parameters of four schemes after optimization
Overdepth/
mmCut hole (length /mm) /
(depth/ mm)Depth of auxiliary hole, caving hole and surrounding hole/
mmAngle between cutting hole and free surface/
（°）Total number
of holesTotal
explosive /kgSpecific charge/
（kg·m?3）200 2052/2000 2000 77 116 68.8 2.37 300 2155/2100 2000 77 108 67.5 2.19 400 2257/2200 2000 77 107 60.0 1.93 500 2360/2300 2000 77 113 72.0 2.33
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表 6 超深400 mm爆破炮孔裝藥參數表
Table 6. Charging parameters of ultra deep 400 mm blasting hole
Blast hole
nameHole
numberNumber of
holesDepth of holes/
mmAngle /（°） Charge quantity Initiation
sequenceConnection
modeVertical Level Roll / hole Total/kg Cut hole 1—8 8 2200 90 77 3.0 7.20 Ⅰ Series parallel Central hole 9—10 2 2200 90 90 1.5 0.90 Ⅱ Auxiliary cutting hole 11—14 4 2200 90 86 2.5 3.00 Ⅱ Auxiliary hole 1 15—25 11 1800 90 90 2.0 6.60 Ⅱ Auxiliary hole 2 26—40 15 1800 90 90 2.0 9.00 Ⅲ Auxiliary hole 3 41—61 21 1800 90 90 2.0 12.60 IV Peripheral hole 62—84 23 1800 90 93 1.5 10.35 V Bottom hole 85—97 13 1800 93 90 2.0 7.80 V — Total 97 — — — — 57.45 — — First row 98—110 13 2500 90 90 2 7.8 Ⅰ Series parallel Second row 111—123 13 2500 90 90 2 7.8 Ⅱ Third row 124—136 13 2500 90 90 2 7.8 Ⅱ Fourth row 137—149 13 2500 90 93 2 7.8 Ⅲ Fifth row 150—162 13 2500 90 90 2 7.8 Ⅲ Sixth row 163—175 13 2500 90 90 2 7.8 Ⅳ Seventh row 176—188 13 2500 93 90 2 7.8 Ⅴ Total 91 — — — — 54.6 — —
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表 7 不同超深方案爆破效果對比
Table 7. Comparison of blasting effects of different ultra deep schemes
Overdepth/
mmBulk rate/% Average value of explosion range/m Rates of half-hole marks/% Average value of blast hole utilization/% Roadway forming quality Average value of single cycle footage/m Average unit consumption of explosive/
(kg·m?3)200 13.0 15.00 34 84.2 Commonly 1.600 2.37 300 10.2 12.25 40 93.5 Good 1.695 2.19 400 8.8 12.15 46 95.2 Good 1.715 1.93 500 9.2 12.50 37 94.4 Good 1.700 2.33
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表 8 新方案現場爆破情況
Table 8. Site blasting of new scheme
Overdepth
/mmHalf-hole marks Explosive pile Section forming 200 
300 
400 
500 
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