鋼液凝固與冷卻過程及固體鋼加熱過程鋼中非金屬夾雜物成分動力學轉變的幾個概念和特征曲線

張月鑫; 張立峰; 王舉金; 任英; 任強; 楊文

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.11.01.005

鋼液凝固與冷卻過程及固體鋼加熱過程鋼中非金屬夾雜物成分動力學轉變的幾個概念和特征曲線

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.11.01.005

張月鑫^1,,
張立峰^2, ,,
王舉金^2, ,,
任英¹,
任強³,
楊文¹

1.
北京科技大學冶金與生態工程學院，北京 100083
2.
北方工業大學機械與材料工程學院，北京 100144
3.
燕山大學機械工程學院，秦皇島 066004

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金資助項目（U1860206，51725402）；河北省省級科技計劃資助項目（20591001D）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
張立峰，E-mail: zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn

王舉金，E-mail: wangjujin@ncut.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TF777.1
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- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-01
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-01-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-01

Concepts and characteristic curves for the kinetic transformation of nonmetallic inclusions in liquid steel during solidification and cooling and in solid steel during heating process

1.
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
3.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHANG Li-feng, E-mail: zhanglifeng@ncut.edu.cn; WANG Ju-jin, E-mail: wangjujin@ncut.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 利用鋼中非金屬夾雜物成分變化的集成模型，介紹了夾雜物成分隨時間和冷卻速率的變化，提出了夾雜物成分轉變分數的概念，然后介紹了夾雜物成分轉變的等溫轉變曲線（TTT）、連續冷卻轉變曲線（CCT）和等徑轉變曲線（TDT）的概念及應用。該集成模型考慮了鋼液流動、傳熱、凝固和元素偏析，也考慮了鋼與夾雜物反應的熱力學和動力學。然后以管線鋼、重軌鋼和軸承鋼為例，進一步分析討論了鋼液凝固與冷卻過程中的冷卻速率、固體鋼加熱過程中的加熱溫度和加熱時間、鋼成分以及夾雜物尺寸等參數對夾雜物成分轉變的影響。這些概念和特征曲線能夠直觀展示在鋼液凝固冷卻過程及固體鋼加熱過程鋼中非金屬夾雜物的成分轉變，將鋼中夾雜物的控制方略從鋼液拓展到固體鋼中。
- 夾雜物 /
- 動力學模型 /
- 轉變分數 /
- 冷卻速率 /
- 等溫轉變 /
- 連續冷卻轉變 /
- 等徑轉變
Abstract: The composition of nonmetallic inclusions in the steel varied continuously during the solidification and cooling process of the molten steel and the heating process of the solid steel. To quantitatively evaluate this evolution of inclusion composition, this study proposes an integrated model and discusses the effect of the cooling rate during continuous casting and the holding time during the heating process on the transformation of the inclusion composition. Besides, a concept of transformation fraction of inclusion composition was put forward. Using this concept, several characteristic curves with a significant application value were raised, including the isothermal transformation curve (time-temperature-transformation, TTT), continuous cooling transformation curve (CCT), and equal diameter transformation curve (time diameter transformation, TDT). The integrated model consisted of the fluid flow, heat transfer, solidification and element segregation, thermodynamic equilibrium between the steel and inclusions, mass transfer kinetics in the steel and inclusions, and the variation of the spatial position of the calculation domain. Employing the integrated model, the spatial distribution of inclusion composition in blooms was obtained. Since the transformation of inclusion composition was mainly due to reactions between CaO and CaS, the transformation fraction was used to characterize the extent of the transformation, which was defined as the ratio of the content of CaS in inclusions at a certain time to that in thermodynamic equilibrium at room temperature. The continuous cooling transformation curve of the inclusion composition in the bearing steel was obtained to analyze the effect of the cooling rate on the inclusion composition during the solidification and cooling of liquid steel. At a fixed cooling rate, the transformation fraction of the inclusion composition increased with the reaction time. Simultaneously, the critical cooling rate of different types of steel could be obtained intuitively using these curves. The isothermal transformation curve of the inclusion composition in the heavy rail steel was also acquired to estimate the effect of the heating temperature and holding time on the inclusion composition in solid steels. With the increase of the holding time and heating temperature, the transformation fraction of the inclusion composition had an apparent increase. Moreover, the influence of the steel composition and inclusion size on the transformation of the inclusion composition could be determined using the equal diameter transformation curve in pipeline steel at 1473 K. Inclusions with a small size almost transformed completely within 60 min, while larger inclusions only exhibit a slight change even after heating for several hours. These concepts and characteristic curves can intuitively show the composition transformation of nonmetallic inclusions in steels during the solidification and cooling of liquid steel and heating of solid steel, expanding the control strategy of inclusions in steels from liquid steel to solid steel.
- nonmetallic inclusions /
- kinetic model /
- transformation fraction /
- cooling rate /
- time-temperature-transformation (TTT) /
- continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) /
- time-diameter-transformation (TDT)

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圖 1 鋼液凝固冷卻過程中的夾雜物成分轉變的集成模型示意圖

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the integrated model for the composition transformation of inclusions during the solidification and cooling of molten steel

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 2 在不同冶煉階段U75V重軌鋼中夾雜物成分的變化^[44]

Figure 2. Evolution of the composition of inclusions at each production step of a U75V heavy rail steel^[44]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 3 固體重軌鋼中夾雜物成分在1423 K時隨保溫時間的變化^[35]

Figure 3. Variation of inclusions in solid heavy rail steel with a holding time of 1423 K^[35]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 4 計算得到的管線鋼中夾雜物在連鑄過程中的成分演變^[27]（該圖來源于參考文獻27中圖11(b)中試樣S4的夾雜物在連鑄過程中的成分演變）

Figure 4. Calculated composition evolution of inclusions in pipeline steel during the continuous casting process^[27] (The figure is derived from the composition evolution of inclusions of the specimen S4 during the continuous casting process in figure 11(b) of reference [27])

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圖 5 計算得到的軸承鋼中夾雜物在1498 K加熱過程中的成分演變^[45]（該圖來源于參考文獻[45]中圖8(b)中計算得到在1495 K加熱過程中直徑為1.5 μm的夾雜物的成分變化）

Figure 5. Calculated composition evolution of inclusions in the bearing steel during heating at 1498 K^[45] (The figure is derived from the composition evolution of inclusions with 1.5 μm diameter calculated during heating at 1495 K in figure 8(b) of reference [45])

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圖 6 動力學模型預報的管線鋼中夾雜物成分的轉變分數.(a)不同夾雜物尺寸;(b)不同加熱溫度;(c)不同鋼中硫含量;(d)不同冷卻速率

Figure 6. Predicted transformation fraction for the composition of inclusions in the pipeline steel: (a) different sizes of inclusions; (b) different temperature of heating; (c) different contents of total sulfur; (d) different cooling rates

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圖 7 不同冷速條件下重軌鋼連鑄坯中夾雜物的成分. (a)多種夾雜物; (b) CaO; (c) CaS

Figure 7. Composition of inclusions in the heavy rail steel CC bloom with different cooling rates. (a) inclusions; (b) CaO; (c) CaS

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圖 8 重軌鋼連鑄坯中夾雜物成分的轉變分數與冷卻速率的關系

Figure 8. Dependency of the transformation ratio of the composition of inclusions in the heavy rail steel CC bloom on the cooling rate

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 9 鋼中夾雜物成分隨時間的等溫轉變曲線（d_inc代表夾雜物平均直徑）

Figure 9. Calculated TTT curve for the composition of inclusions in steel with time (d_inc represents the average diameter of inclusions)

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圖 10 鋼中夾雜物成分轉變的TTT圖

Figure 10. TTT diagram for the composition transformation of inclusions in the steel

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 11 凝固冷卻過程鋼中夾雜物的轉變計算相圖^[38]（該圖來源于參考文獻[38]中的圖11(a)中的部分夾雜物的相圖轉變過程）

Figure 11. Calculated phases transition of inclusions during the solidification and cooling of the steel^[38] (The figure is derived from the phase transformation process of parts of inclusions in figure 11(a) of reference [38])

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圖 12 軸承鋼中夾雜物成分轉變的CCT曲線^[39]

Figure 12. CCT diagram for the composition transformation of inclusions in the bearing steel^[39]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 13 1473 K下夾雜物尺寸和反應時間對固體鋼中夾雜物成分轉變的影響.(a)CaO; (b)CaS

Figure 13. Effect of the size of inclusions and reaction time on the composition transformation of inclusions in solid steel heated at 1473 K: (a) CaO; (b) CaS

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 鋼中溶解元素在液態、δ和γ鋼中的擴散系數^[10,41–43]

Table 1. Diffusion coefficients of dissolved elements in liquid, δ, and γ steel^[10,41–43]

Dissolved element	Diffusion coefficients
Dissolved element	Liquid	δ	γ
Al	3.5×10^–9	5.9×exp[–241186/(RT)]/10000	5.15×exp[–245800/(RT)]/10000
Si	4.78×10^–9	8.0×exp[–248948/(RT)]/10000	0.07×exp[–243000/(RT)]/10000
Ca	3.5×10^–9	0.76×exp[–224430/(RT)]/10000	0.055×exp[–249366/(RT)]/10000
Mg	3.5×10^–9	0.76×exp[–224430/(RT)]/10000	0.055×exp[–249366/(RT)]/10000
O	2.7×10^–9	0.0371×exp[–96349/(RT)]/10000	5.75×exp[–168454/(RT)]/10000
S	4.1×10^–9	4.56×exp[–214639/(RT)]/10000	2.4×exp[–223426/(RT)]/10000

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