Research advances in multifunctional catalysts for the conversion of lignin to biomass fuels
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摘要: 綜述了木質素加氫解聚、解聚單體加氫脫氧和單體升級為多環高價值產品等過程中所使用的多功能催化劑的研究進展，包括硫化物催化劑、貴金屬單質催化劑、非貴金屬單質和合金催化劑、磷化物催化劑等。強調了加氫催化劑（Ru、Pt、Pd、Co、Mo和Ni等）和酸催化劑（Al2O3、ZrO2、NbOPO4、沸石和介孔硅酸鹽等）在加氫裂解、加氫脫氧和（加氫）烷基化反應中的協同作用。在此基礎上總結了當前反應過程的一些難點，并對下一步的技術發展方向進行了展望。未來需要開發水熱穩定性更好、價格更加低廉的高活性催化劑，降低氫氣用量，同時考慮天然木質素的一鍋法轉化，為工業化制備生物質燃料奠定基礎。Abstract: The development of biomass fuels is of great significance for reducing excessive dependence on fossil resources and global warming. Lignin is a complex aromatic biopolymer that is abundant in nature and can be used to produce high-value biomass fuels. However, due to its complex structure, the use of lignin to produce biomass fuels needs a variety of chemical reactions and catalysts, and the intermediates and products need to be separated many times, resulting in a low yield of products. Multifunctional catalysts can catalyze two or more chemical reactions at the same time; therefore, using them can simplify the preparation process and increase the yield of products. This paper reviewed the research progress of multifunctional catalysts used in the process of lignin hydrocracking, monomer hydrodeoxygenation, and monomer upgrading to polycyclic high-value products, including sulfide catalysts, noble metal elemental catalysts, non-noble metal elemental and alloy catalysts, and phosphide catalysts. Additionally, this work emphasized the interaction between hydrogenation centers (Ru, Pt, Pd, Co, Mo, and Ni) and acid centers (Al2O3, ZrO2, NbOPO4, zeolite, and mesoporous silicate) in hydrocracking and hydrodeoxygenation. Based on these, the difficulties of the current reactions were then summarized, and the next technical developing directions were anticipated, including those of the development of biomass fuel synthesis methods with more mild reaction conditions and preparation of catalysts with higher activity, higher hydrothermal stability, and lower price. This paper hopes that new methods can reduce the amount of hydrogen, decrease the reaction temperature, and converse lignin to high-value fuels in a one-pot method. Moreover, most research on biomass fuels is still in the laboratory research stage. To realize the large-scale industrial production of biomass fuels and replace petroleum fuels, more in-depth research, perfect supporting facilities, and relevant policies and measures are needed.
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Key words:
- lignin /
- biomass fuels /
- multifunctional catalysts /
- hydrocracking /
- hydrodeoxygenation /
- alkylation
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圖 3 (a)Ru/Nb2O5催化木質素轉化為芳烴C?O鍵斷裂機理[14]；(b)木質素在Ru/NbOPO4一鍋解聚和加氫脫氧為單環烴[30]
Figure 3. (a) Conversion process from lignin to arenes via C–O bonds cleavage over Ru/Nb2O5[14]; (b) one-pot depolymerization and hydrodeoxygenation of lignin into monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via both C–O and C–C bond cleavage over Ru/NbOPO4[30]
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