Development of an oxygen blast furnace and its research progress in University of Science and Technology Beijing
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摘要: 首先介紹了氧氣高爐的發展歷程，早期的研究工作主要著眼于解決由于氧氣代替空氣鼓風而引起的“上冷下熱”問題，并總結了各國研究者提出的氧氣高爐流程及其主要特點。隨后系統闡述了北京科技大學科研人員在氧氣高爐工藝基礎研究與工程技術開發方面所取得的主要進展。這些研究包括氧氣高爐流程設計，含鐵爐料還原與軟熔，氧氣鼓風及循環煤氣噴吹條件下的煤粉燃燒，循環煤氣加熱過程中的物理化學變化等爐內反應與變化，以及在此基礎上開展的回旋區及全爐數值模擬研究，為氧氣高爐的工程化實施奠定理論基礎。最后對氧氣高爐的碳素流及節碳潛力進行了分析，并提出富氫碳氫循環氧氣高爐將成為煉鐵低碳化的重要發展方向。Abstract: An oxygen blast furnace (OBF) has the advantages of high productivity, high coal injection, low fuel ratio, high gas calorific value, and low carbon emissions; the OBF process is one of the most likely low-carbon ironmaking processes to achieve large-scale application. This paper first introduced the development history of an OBF. The early research work mainly focused on solving the problem of “upper cooling and lower overheating” caused by oxygen instead of air blasting and summarized the OBF process and its main characteristics proposed by researchers in various countries. Then, the progress made by the researchers of the University of Science and Technology Beijing in the research and development of the OBF process was systematically summarized. The studies include the process design of an OBF, the reduction and soft melting of iron-bearing furnace charge, pulverized coal combustion under the conditions of oxygen blast and circulating gas injection, the physical and chemical behavior of recirculating gas during the heating process, as well as the numerical simulation of the raceway and the whole furnace, which gives a theoretical foundation for the engineering implementation of the OBF. Finally, the carbon flow and carbon saving potential of the OBF were analyzed. It is proposed that a hydrogen rich carbon circulating oxygen blast furnace will be an important development in the direction of low-carbon ironmaking.
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圖 5 傳統高爐（TBF）與氧氣高爐（OBF）煤粉燃燼率變化[75]。（a）不同高爐種類煤粉燃盡率對比；（b）不同類型氧煤槍下煤粉燃盡變化
Figure 5. Changes in the pulverized coal burning rate for a traditional blast furnace (TBF) and an oxygen blast furnace (OBF) [75]: (a) comparison of pulverized coal burnout rate between TBF and OBF; (b) changes of pulverized coal burnout under different types of oxygen coal lances
圖 6 不同鼓風氧含量條件下循環煤氣噴入回旋區的溫度分布（MOBF-RGI-2）[78]。（a）回旋區內的氣體溫度分布；（b）煤粉顆粒溫度變化軌跡
Figure 6. Temperature distribution in a raceway with recycling gas injection under various blast oxygen content conditions (MOBF-RGI-2) [78]: (a) gas temperature distribution from the coal lance exit to the raceway outlet; (b) trajectory of pulverized coal particles
圖 7 氧氣高爐的熱儲備區與還原度分布[41]。（a）還原度等值線圖；（b）沿爐膛中心高度方向的還原度和爐料溫度；（c）沿爐膛中心高度方向的還原速率
Figure 7. Distributions of the thermal reserve zone and reduction degree of the oxygen blast furnace[41]: (a) contour map of the reduction degree; (b) solid temperature and reduction degree of iron ore; (c) reduction rate along the furnace center
圖 8 爐缸上升煤氣與爐身噴吹煤氣的交互作用[82]。（a）不同工況下風口配置方式的垂直視圖（1,2—爐缸風口；3,4,5—爐身風口）；（b）上升氣流對SIG的影響
Figure 8. Interaction between rising gas from the hearth and gas injected from the furnace shaft[82]: (a) vertical view of shaft tuyere configuration mode in different conditions (1,2—hearth tuyere; 3,4,5—shaft tuyere); (b) impact of rising flow on SIG
表 1 不同氧氣高爐流程工藝特點
Table 1. Process characteristics of various oxygen blast furnace processes
Time Process name Blowing position Spray-blown objects Process features 1978 Fink[19] Hearth, bosh Oxygen, pulverized coal,
top gas(1) Top gas removes CO2 without preheating;
(2) Low fuel ratio and 1/2 increase in productivity.1985 FOBF[20] Hearth, furnace shaft Hearth: oxygen, pulverized coal, top gas
Furnace shaft: recycling gas(1) Top gas removes CO2, and preheating to 1200 K, Supplement heat;
(2) Part of the top gas does not remove CO2 and is used as carrier gas.1987 NKK[13] Hearth, furnace shaft Hearth: oxygen, pulverized coal, top gas
Furnace shaft: recycling gas(1) Preheating circulating gas is injected into the middle of the furnace shaft to supplement the furnace shaft heat;
(2) Considerable coal injection and high productivity.1987 Tula[21] Hearth Oxygen, top gas (1) Top gas removes CO2, and preheating;
(2) Coke ratio decreases, and the output increases by 20%–30%.1992 BOBF[22] Hearth Coal powder, oxygen (1) No circulating gas;
(2) The oxygen content of the blast fluctuates between 40% and 90%.1994 OCF[23] Hearth Oxygen, pulverized coal, top gas, solvents (1) No CO2 removal and no heating;
(2) Inject a large amount of pulverized coal and
an appropriate amount of flux.
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