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摘要: 在研究了溫度對鎳基高溫合金GH4169蠕變行為及機制的影響基礎之上，分析了其斷口形貌和蠕變斷裂機理。實驗結果表明，隨著蠕變溫度的升高，GH4169合金的穩態蠕變速率逐漸升高，蠕變壽命顯著降低，即該合金有極強的溫度敏感性。蠕變過程中，γ″相長大聚集，并向δ相轉變，隨著蠕變溫度的升高，γ″相向δ相轉變速度加快，晶內的γ″相數量減少，δ相所占體積增加，尺寸增大，次生裂紋數量減少，尺寸減小。當蠕變溫度為650 ℃時，斷口中存在較多亮白色撕裂棱，韌窩尺寸大小不一，有少量析出物和碳化物；當溫度提高到670 ℃時，韌窩尺寸減小，以淺韌窩為主，且出現解理面；當溫度提高到690 ℃時，只存在少量韌窩，且δ相的數量顯著增多，出現解理臺階，斷裂方式為解理斷裂或準解理斷裂。
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關鍵詞:
- GH4169鎳基高溫合金 /
- 蠕變性能 /
- δ相 /
- γ″相 /
- 微觀結構
Abstract: GH4169, a precipitation-strengthened nickel-based superalloy, has been extensively used in structural applications in temperatures up to 650 ℃ because of its high-temperature strength, long-term stability, thermal fatigue, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, weldability, oxidation resistance, and easiness to forging. Although GH4169 has been introduced for many years, it is still widely used in many applications, especially under a high-temperature environment such as the turbine engine and the turbine disk part of advanced aero-engines, spacecraft, and gas turbines. Its microstructure mainly contains five phases: γ, γ″ (Ni3Nb), γ′ (Ni3AlTi), δ (Ni3Nb), and MC carbides. The main strengthening phase of the GH4169 alloy is the γ″ phase, which is metastable, and its phase transformation to the δ phase occurs when exposed at temperatures above 650 ℃. This paper studied the effect of temperature on the creep behavior and mechanism of the nickel-based superalloy GH4169 and analyzed its fracture morphology and creep rupture mechanism. Experimental results showed that the steady creep rate of the GH4169 alloy increased, and the creep life of the GH4169 alloy decreased significantly with the increase of the creep temperature, i.e., the alloy had strong temperature sensitivity. During the creep process, the γ" phase grew, aggregated, and transformed to the δ phase. With the increase of the creep temperature, the transition of the γ″ phase to the δ phase was faster, the amount of γ″ phases in the crystal decreased, the size and volume of the δ phase increased, and the number and size of secondary cracks decreased. When the creep temperature was 650 ℃, more bright white tearing edges in the fracture appeared, the dimple size was different, and there were a small amount of precipitates and carbonization. When the temperature increased to 670 ℃, the dimple size decreased, with mainly shallow dimples and cleavage surfaces appearing. When the temperature increased to 690 ℃, there were only a few dimples and cleavage steps, and the number of δ phases increased significantly, which meant that the fracture mode was cleavage fracture or quasi-cleavage fracture.-
Key words:
- GH4169 nickel-based superalloy /
- creep property /
- δ phase /
- γ″ phase /
- microstructure
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圖 2 GH4169合金的微觀組織形貌. (a) 熱處理前, 低倍; (b) 熱處理后, 低倍; (c) 熱處理前, 高倍; (d) 熱處理后,高倍
Figure 2. Microstructure of the GH4169 alloy: (a) before heat treatment, low magnification; (b) after heat treatment, low magnification; (c) before heat treatment, high magnification; (d) after heat treatment, high magnification
圖 3 熱處理后GH4169合金的照片. (a) 掃描電鏡, 低倍; (b) 掃描電鏡, 高倍; (c) 透射電鏡, 低倍; (d) 透射電鏡, 高倍
Figure 3. Images of the GH4169 alloy after heat treatment: (a) SEM, low magnification; (b) SEM, high magnification; (c) TEM, low magnification; (d) TEM, high magnification
圖 4 GH4169合金在不同溫度下測定的蠕變曲線
Figure 4. Creep curves of the GH4169 alloy under different temperatures
圖 5 應變速率與溫度倒數之間的關系
Figure 5. Relationship between the strain rate and reciprocal temperature
圖 6 GH4169合金不同蠕變溫度下斷口近端顯微組織形貌. (a) 650 ℃, 低倍; (b) 670 ℃, 低倍; (c) 690 ℃, 低倍; (d) 650 ℃, 高倍; (e) 670 ℃, 高倍; (f) 690 ℃, 高倍
Figure 6. Microstructure of the GH4169 alloy near the fracture surface under different creep temperatures: (a) 650 ℃, low magnification; (b) 670 ℃, low magnification; (c) 690 ℃, low magnification; (d) 650 ℃, high magnification; (e) 670 ℃, high magnification; (f) 690 ℃, high magnification
圖 7 Image-Pro Plus 測定不同蠕變溫度下的δ相. (a) 蠕變前; (b) 650 ℃; (c) 670 ℃; (d) 690 ℃
Figure 7. Image-Pro Plus measures the δ phase at different creep temperatures: (a) before creep; (b) 650 ℃; (c) 670 ℃; (d) 690 ℃
圖 8 GH4169合金蠕變前和不同蠕變溫度下的γ″相和γ'相形貌. (a) 蠕變前; (b) 650 ℃; (c) 670 ℃; (d) 690 ℃
Figure 8. Morphology of the γ″ phase and γ' phase of the GH4169 alloy before creep and at different creep temperatures: (a) before creep; (b) 650 ℃; (c) 670 ℃; (d) 690 ℃
圖 9 在650 ℃條件下，GH4169合金蠕變斷裂后的TEM微觀組織形貌
Figure 9. TEM microstructure of the GH4169 alloy after creep fracture at 650 ℃
圖 10 GH4169合金不同蠕變溫度下的蠕變斷口形貌. (a) 650 ℃; (b) 670 ℃; (c) 690 ℃
Figure 10. Creep fracture morphology of the GH4169 alloy at different creep temperatures: (a) 650 ℃; (b) 670 ℃; (c) 690 ℃
表 1 鎳基高溫合金GH4169化學成分（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical compositions of the nickel-based superalloy GH4169
% Ni Cr Nb Mo Ti Al C Co Fe 51.82 18.94 5.23 3.01 1.00 0.59 0.03 0.03 Bal 
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表 2 不同溫度下GH4169合金的蠕變性能
Table 2. Creep properties of the GH4169 alloy at different temperatures
Temperature/℃ Creep life/
hSteady state creep duration/h Steady state creep
rate/h?1650 117 65 8.045×10?7 670 40 15 3.133×10?6 690 13 4 1.170×10?5
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