Tribological properties of ionic liquid modified MWCNTs, MoS2, and their composite nanofluids
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摘要: 采用1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸鹽（[EMIm]BF4）離子液體分散多壁碳納米管（MWCNTs）、二硫化鉬（MoS2）于去離子水以得到具有優異摩擦學特性的納米流體。通過拉曼光譜儀、納米粒度電位儀、接觸角測量儀表征其分散與潤濕性，通過導熱系數儀和流變儀測試其熱物性，并通過材料表面性能綜合測試儀進行摩擦實驗。結果表明：經[EMIm]BF4改性而制備的納米流體Zeta電位大幅提高，納米顆粒在空間位阻作用下有效分散于水基液，故保持潤濕性的同時增強了導熱能力，其對高溫合金的潤濕接觸角最小為59.33°，室溫(25 °C)平均黏度最低為1.49 mPa·s，且導熱系數最大為1.02 W·(m·K)–1。納米流體中層狀、管狀幾何結構的MoS2、MWCNTs納米顆粒極大強化了基液的減摩抗磨性能，平均摩擦系數降至0.083，磨痕體積磨損率相比傳統水基冷卻液減小了72.33%。Abstract: The machining process is generally accompanied by intense friction and heat generation. Excessive heat flux subsequently leads to thermal damage and shape defects on the workpiece, which will greatly reduce the service life of the tool. As a novel coolant, nanofluids can effectively improve the lubrication and cooling conditions in precision machining. This paper uses the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate ([EMIm]BF4) to disperse multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The nanofluid with excellent tribological properties was prepared. The crystal structure of nanoparticles was analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The wettability and particle dispersibility of nanofluids were characterized by a Raman spectrometer, nanoparticle size potential analyzer and contact angle measuring instrument. Thermophysical properties were tested by a thermal conductivity measuring instrument and rheometer. Finally, a friction and wear tester and an ultra-depth-of-field microscope were used to analyze the friction properties of the prepared nanofluids. The following results are obtained. (1) After the MWCNTs or MoS2 nanoparticles are modified by the adsorption of [EMIm]+ cations, the Zeta potential of the nanofluids is greatly increased, and the laminated structure formed by the adsorption of two nanoparticles increases the particle size distribution range. By this time, an electrostatic equilibrium area is formed around the nanoparticles, whereby the particles are effectively dispersed due to the steric hindrance effect. (2) MWCNTs, MoS2, and their composite nanofluids are determined as pseudoplastic fluids, which are easy to spread and form films on metal (superalloy GH4169) surfaces with a minimum contact angle of 59.33°. After testing, the addition of nanoparticles and dispersants in the nanofluids did not cause a sharp increase in the viscosity, and the average viscosity was found to be as low as 1.49 mPa·s (25 °C), thus maintaining the flow advantages of water-based coolants while obtaining a higher thermal conductivity [up to 1.02 W·(m·K)?1 (25 °C)]. This is suitable for machining fields that require efficient flow heat transfer. (3) MWCNTs, MoS2, and their composite nanofluids greatly enhance the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of the base fluid (deionized water), especially composite nanofluids containing two nanoparticles, which form a “bearing-like” effect by stacking the layered and tubular combined structures. Thus, the lubrication performance is optimal. Compared with the traditional water-based coolant, the average friction coefficient of the composite nanofluid is small (0.083). At the same time, the adhesive wear or abrasive wear on the surface of the workpiece is further reduced, the wear scar is narrow and shallow, and the volume wear rate is reduced by 72.33%.
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Key words:
- ionic liquid /
- nanofluid /
- multi-walled carbon nanotubes /
- molybdenum disulfide /
- tribology
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圖 1 復合流體中MWCNTs/MoS2疊層結構示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the MWCNTs/MoS2 sandwich structure in a composite fluid
圖 2 納米顆粒顯微形貌. (a) MoS2; (b) MWCNTs
Figure 2. Microscopic morphology of nanoparticles: (a) MoS2; (b) MWCNTs
圖 3 納米顆粒的XRD譜圖. (a) MWCNTs; (b) MoS2
Figure 3. X-ray diffraction spectra of nanoparticles: (a) MWCNTs; (b) MoS2
圖 4 納米顆粒的拉曼光譜. (a) [EMIm]BF4改性的MWCNTs; (b) [EMIm]BF4改性的MoS2
Figure 4. Raman spectra of nanoparticles: (a) [EMIm]BF4 modified MWCNTs; (b) [EMIm]BF4 modified MoS2
圖 6 不同流體在高溫合金基底表面的接觸角
Figure 6. Contact angle of different fluids on the surface of the superalloy substrate
圖 7 不同流體的熱物性測試結果. (a)黏度; (b)導熱系數
Figure 7. Test results of thermophysical properties of different fluids: (a) viscosity; (b) thermal conductivity
圖 8 摩擦系數曲線與平均摩擦系數分布. (a) 摩擦系數變化曲線; (b) 平均摩擦系數分布
Figure 8. Friction coefficient curve and average friction coefficient distribution: (a) variation curve of friction coefficient; (b) average friction coefficient
圖 9 不同潤滑條件下的基底磨痕形貌及其三維輪廓. (a)H2O; (b) ILs; (c) 傳統水基冷卻液; (d) MoS2納米流體; (e)MWCNTs納米流體; (f) 復合納米流體
Figure 9. Wear morphology and its three-dimensional profile under different lubrication conditions: (a)H2O; (b) ILs; (c) conventional coolant; (d) MoS2 nanofluid; (e)MWCNTs nanofluid; (f) composite nanofluid
圖 10 不同潤滑條件下體積磨損率分布
Figure 10. Distribution of the volume wear rate under different lubrication conditions
表 1 納米顆粒的物理參數
Table 1. Physical parameters of nanoparticles
Nanoparticles Size / nm Aspect ratio Tap density / (g?cm?3) Purity / % MWCNTs 30–50 (OD) 16.67–66.67 0.27 99.5 MoS2 50 — 0.912 99.9 Note: OD is outer diameter. 
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表 2 ILs的物理參數
Table 2. Physical parameters of ILs (25 °C, 0.1 MPa)
Density / (g?mL?1) Viscosity / (Pa·s) Specific heat capacity / (J?K?1?mol?1) Surface tension / (N?m?1) 1.285 0.039 305 0.054
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表 3 GCr15軸承鋼的主要化學組成（質量分數）
Table 3. Main chemical composition of the GCr15 bearing steel
% Element Cr C Mn Si Ni Cu Fe Content 1.4–1.65 0.95–1.05 0.25–0.45 0.15–0.35 ≤0.3 ≤0.25 Bal.
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表 4 鎳基高溫合金GH4169的主要化學組成（質量分數）
Table 4. Main chemical composition of the GH4169 superalloy
% Element Ni Cr Nb Mo Ti Al Fe Content 53.4 18.8 5.27 2.99 1.02 0.50 Bal.
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表 5 納米流體的粒徑分布
Table 5. Particle size distribution in the nanofluid
nm Nanofluid Range of particle size Average particle size MWCNTs 890.1–1203.2 923.3 MoS2 46.5–531.4 427.1 Composite 141.8–1055.4 447.8
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