Application status and prospect of low carbon technology in iron and steel industry
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摘要: 在總結了國外低碳排放項目和國內各大鋼企的碳達峰與碳中和的技術節點和低碳技術手段的基礎之上，從碳減排、碳零排和碳負排三個層次劃分梳理當今鋼鐵行業的眾多低碳技術，并對各個低碳技術的碳排放削減量、成熟度和推廣時間進行歸納。在碳減排方面，通過優化工藝和流程再造減少鋼鐵行業生產過程中的二氧化碳排放，如高爐爐頂煤氣循環技術；在碳零排方面，利用氫氣或清潔電能減少或者替代高二氧化碳排放因子煤炭/焦炭的使用，從源頭上降低二氧化碳的排放，如氫冶金技術；在碳負排方面，主要從高碳排放強度高爐煉鐵工序進行二氧化碳捕集，分別在鋼廠內進行自身綠色循環利用和在廠外進行化工聯產制造高附加值化工產品（如甲醇乙醇等），對靠近油田的鋼材實施二氧化碳地質封存，在末端上降低二氧化碳的排放。Abstract: China proposes to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutralization by 2030 and 2060, respectively. As a heavily carbon-based fuel industry, the carbon dioxide emission of the iron and steel industry is lower than that of the power and transportation industries. In 2020, the carbon dioxide emissions of China’s steel industry were approximately 1.98 billion tons, accounting for more than 18% of the national carbon dioxide emissions. To achieve the “carbon neutral” emission reduction target of the steel industry, the three parts of the entire process of steel production, i.e., “source–process–end,” need to be involved in the exploration of low-carbon technologies. This study summarized the low-carbon technology measures of foreign low-carbon dioxide emission projects and major domestic steel companies’ carbon peaking and carbon neutralization projects; divided and classified the low-carbon technologies in today’s steel industry from three levels, i.e., carbon dioxide emission reduction, zero carbon dioxide emission, and negative carbon dioxide emission; and summarized the carbon dioxide emission reduction, maturity, and promotion time of each low-carbon technology. In terms of carbon dioxide emission reduction, carbon dioxide emissions in the production process of the steel industry were reduced by optimizing processes and process reengineering, such as blast furnace top gas circulation technology. In terms of zero carbon dioxide emissions, hydrogen or clean electricity was used to reduce or replace coal or coke with high carbon dioxide emission factors to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the source, such as hydrogen metallurgical technology. In terms of negative carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide capture was mainly conducted in the high carbon dioxide emission intensity blast furnace ironmaking process, green recycling was performed in the steel plant, and chemical coproduction was implemented outside the plant to produce high value-added chemical products, such as methanol and ethanol. Finally, geological storage of carbon dioxide on steel near the oil field was implemented to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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圖 5 富氫高爐氫冶金技術
Figure 5. Hydrogen metallurgical technology of hydrogen-rich blast furnace
圖 8 DMTE生產乙醇技術路線圖
Figure 8. Dimethyltellurium technology roadmap for ethanol production
表 1 物理吸附與化學吸收方法捕集CO2比較
Table 1. Comparison of CO2 capture by the physical adsorption and chemical absorption methods
Capture technology Representative method Common materials Advantages Disadvantages Physical method Pressure swing adsorption 13X molecular sieve 1. Low energy consumption
2. Mature technology and flexible operation
3. No corrosive problem
4. Suitable for high concentration CO21. The flue gas needs to be cooled and dewatered before adsorption
2. The capture efficiency is low and there is a lack of high capture performance materialsChemical method Liquid amine absorption Alkane alcohol amine solution, amino acid salt solution 1. Suitable for low concentration and large flow flue gas
2. High absorption efficiency1. The absorbent is easy to evaporate and lose
2. The regeneration energy consumption is high
3. The absorption liquid easily corrodes the equipment
4. The solution circulation is large and the area occupied by the absorption tower and regeneration tower is largeOthers Carbonization reaction Calcium-based materials 1. Wide sources of calcium oxide
2. Low price
3. Carbonated products can be used as road materials1. Low capture efficiency
2. Poor sintering resistance and cannot be recycled many times
3. High regeneration energy consumption
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