Fracture dynamic evolution features of a coal-containing gas based on gray level co-occurrence matrix and industrial CT scanning
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摘要: 為研究受載含瓦斯煤在三軸壓縮作用下的裂隙演化規律，利用受載含瓦斯煤顯微工業CT掃描系統，開展了三軸加載條件下受載含瓦斯煤的工業CT掃描測試，獲取了受載含瓦斯煤的應力?應變曲線和各變形階段的CT掃描圖形。運用圖像分析軟件對CT掃描數據進行了三維數字重建，實現了煤樣內部裂隙的三維可視化和定量表征，并基于灰度共生矩陣（GLCM）理論分析了受載含瓦斯煤的裂隙動態擴展特征及規律。研究結果表明：瓦斯壓力的存在一定程度上弱化了受載含瓦斯煤的力學性質，同時也加速了裂隙的擴展；受載含瓦斯煤二維裂隙先閉合后擴展，峰后快速擴展并形成連通二維裂隙網絡；三維裂隙體積和裂隙密度呈現出先減小后增大的變化趨勢，總體上可劃分為裂隙壓密閉合、新裂隙萌生擴展和主裂隙加速擴展貫通3個變化階段；灰度共生矩陣分析中，對比度先減小后增大，能量和同質性先增大后減小，相關性呈現出單調遞減趨勢，準確描述了受載含瓦斯煤內部裂隙隨應力增加不斷變化的總體發展規律。Abstract: The expansion evolution law of internal fractures of coal under external load is of great significance to coalbed methane production and to control coal and gas outburst disasters. The coal body is in a three-dimensional (3D) stress state under the action of original in-situ stress. It is necessary to study the fracture evolution law of a loaded coal-containing gas under triaxial compression. The industrial computed tomographic (CT) scanning test of a loaded coal-containing gas under triaxial loading was carried out using the industrial micro-CT scanning system for the loaded coal-containing gas. The CT images and stress–strain curves of coal samples were obtained at each deformation stage. The 3D digital reconstruction of CT scanning data was carried out using image analysis software. Next, 3D visualization and quantitative characterization of coal sample internal fractures were realized. Based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) theory, the fracture dynamic expansion characteristics and laws of the loaded coal-containing gas were analyzed. The results show that the existence of gas pressure weakens the mechanical properties of the loaded coal-containing gas and accelerates the expansion of cracks. The two-dimensional fractures of the loaded coal-containing gas first close and then expand, and then expand rapidly after the peak, forming a connected two-dimensional fracture network. The 3D fracture volume and fracture density first show a decreasing and then an increasing trend, which can be divided into three stages: fracture compaction and closure, new fracture initiation and expansion, and main fracture accelerated expansion and penetration. In the GLCM analysis, the contrast first decreases and then increases, the energy and homogeneity first increase and then decrease, and the correlation presents a monotonic decreasing trend. The analysis results accurately describe the overall development law of the internal cracks of the loaded coal-containing gas changing with stress increase.
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圖 2 受載含瓦斯煤顯微工業CT掃描系統
Figure 2. Industrial micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning system for a loaded coal-containing gas
圖 3 連續掃描階段的應力?應變曲線. (a) S1; (b) S2; (c) S3
Figure 3. Stress–strain curves at successive scanning stages: (a) S1; (b) S2; (c) S3
圖 4 S1煤樣在不同掃描階段的CT圖像
Figure 4. Computed tomography images of coal sample S1 at various scanning stages
圖 5 S2煤樣在不同掃描階段的CT圖像
Figure 5. Computed tomography images of coal sample S2 at various scanning stages
圖 6 S3煤樣在不同掃描階段的CT圖像
Figure 6. Computed tomography images of coal sample S3 at various scanning stages
圖 8 受載煤樣裂隙體積和裂隙密度的變化曲線. (a) S1; (b) S2; (c) S3
Figure 8. Variation curves of fracture volumes and fracture densities of loaded coal samples: (a) S1; (b) S2; (c) S3
圖 9 參考像素和相鄰像素之間的空間表示. (a)
$ \theta =\text{0°/180°} $ ; (b)$ \theta =\text{45°/225°} $ ; (c)$ \theta =\text{90°/270°} $ ; (d)$ \theta =\text{135°/315°} $ Figure 9. Spatial representation between a reference pixel and a neighboring pixel: (a)
$ \theta =\text{0°/180°} $ ; (b)$ \theta =\text{45°/225°} $ ; (c)$ \theta =\text{90°/270°} $ ; (d)$ \theta =\text{135°/315°} $ 
圖 11 S1煤樣的GLCM統計特征曲線. (a) 對比度; (b) 能量; (c) 同質性; (d) 相關性
Figure 11. Curves of gray level co-occurrence matrix statistical characteristics of the S1 coal sample: (a) contrast; (b) energy; (c) homogeneity; (d) correlation
圖 12 S2煤樣的GLCM統計特征曲線. (a) 對比度; (b) 能量; (c) 同質性; (d) 相關性
Figure 12. Curves of gray level co-occurrence matrix statistical characteristics of the S2 coal sample: (a) contrast; (b) energy; (c) homogeneity; (d) correlation
圖 13 S3煤樣的GLCM統計特征曲線. (a) 對比度; (b) 能量; (c) 同質性; (d) 相關性
Figure 13. Curves of gray level co-occurrence matrix statistical characteristics of the S3 coal sample: (a) contrast; (b) energy; (c) homogeneity; (d) correlation
表 1 受載煤樣CT掃描參數
Table 1. Computed tomography scanning parameters of loaded coal samples
Sample Voltage/kV Current/μA Number of images Scan time/min S1 180 240 1500 34 S2 180 240 1500 34 S3 180 240 1500 34 
下載: 導出CSV
表 2 受載煤樣CT掃描狀態
Table 2. Computed tomography scanning statuses of the loaded coal samples
Sample Scan 1 Scan 2 Scan 3 Scan 4 Scan 5 Scan 6 S1 Initial stage Elasticity stage Elasticity stage Strain hardening stage Post-peak stage Post-peak stage S2 Initial stage Elasticity stage Strain hardening stage Post-peak stage Post-peak stage Post-peak stage S3 Initial stage Elasticity stage Strain hardening stage Post-peak stage Post-peak stage Post-peak stage
下載: 導出CSV
表 3 受載煤樣裂隙的動態演化
Table 3. Dynamic evolution of loaded coal sample fractures
Scan stage S1 S2 S3 Fracture volume/mm3 Fracture surface area/mm2 Fracture density/mm?1 Fracture volume/mm3 Fracture surface area/mm2 Fracture density/mm?1 Fracture volume/mm3 Fracture surface area/mm2 Fracture density/mm?1 1 10.05 611.77 0.0249 8.92 593.51 0.0242 0.32 24.70 0.0010 2 0 0 0 0.84 40.93 0.0017 0.10 4.17 0.0002 3 0 0 0 18.92 1047.6 0.0427 158.90 7719.77 0.3145 4 33.73 1638.87 0.0668 91.97 4545.59 0.1852 272.98 11058.98 0.4506 5 98.04 4380.83 0.1785 284.17 11608.3 0.4729 350.08 12290.41 0.5008 6 247.15 8484.38 0.3457 537.98 22752.1 0.9270 1114.52 37969.49 1.5470
下載: 導出CSV
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