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摘要: 針對千米深井下伏煤層回采需保證上覆巷道穩定性的問題，通過理論分析、數值模擬和現場實測的方法，研究了下伏煤層開采過程中上覆巖層巷道變形破壞類型、破壞機理和防治辦法。通過對開采條件和開采形成的覆巖空間結構的研究，得到了走向和傾向方向上的巷道變形破壞規律；通過研究下伏工作面不同開采階段、不同充填率條件對上覆巷道的采動影響，得到了巷道變形破壞的應力演化規律。結果表明：千米深井下伏煤層開采，上覆巷道潛在的變形破壞類型主要有兩種，一是巷道斷面縮減型破壞，二是巷道走向階梯下沉型破壞。上覆巷道變形破壞的根本原因是大埋深、強采動應力，特別是下伏煤層距上覆巷道較近且距離不均等的影響，直接原因是采動造成的巷道圍巖應力突增及關鍵巖層的破斷下沉。開采過程中，工作面走向開采范圍超過400 m時，巷道斷面縮減型破壞和走向階梯下沉型破壞會相互疊加，誘發更大的巷道破壞。為控制這兩種巷道的潛在破壞類型，設計了沿工作面下部巷道動態部分充填和巷道補強支護方案，通過現場實測發現上述方案能夠滿足上覆巷道穩定性和下伏工作面高效高產的要求，研究結果和控制方案可為千米深井巷道下壓煤的安全回采提供一定的借鑒。Abstract: To ensure the stability of an overlying roadway in close proximity to a 1000-m deep coal seam, this work, through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, studies the deformation and failure mechanism, failure types, and prevention methods of the overlying roadway while mining a lower coal seam. Based on the study of mining conditions and overburdened space structures formed through mining, the deformation and failure law of the roadway in the strike and dip directions is obtained. Moreover, the stress evolution law of roadway deformation and failure is obtained by studying the influence of different mining stages and filling rates of the lower face on the mining of the overlying roadway. Results show that there are two types of potential roadway deformation and failure: (1) roadway section reduction failure and (2) roadway strike step subsidence failure. The fundamental cause of the deformation and failure of the overlying roadway is the influence of the large buried depth, strong mining stress, and unequal distance between the coal seam and roadway. The direct causes are the sudden increase in the stress of the roadway surrounding the rock and the subsidence of the key strata. In the mining process, when the mining range of the working face is more than 400 m, the roadway section reduction failure and strike ladder subsidence failure superimpose each other, inducing further roadway failure. Therefore, a scheme of partial filling and strengthening of the roadway along the working face is designed. Field measurements revealed that the above scheme can meet the stability requirements of the overlying roadway and the high efficiency and yield of the underlying working face. The results provide some references for the safe mining of coal in the 1000-m deep coal seam.
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Key words:
- a kilometer-deep mine /
- roadway protection /
- underlying coal seams /
- close mining /
- partial mine filling
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圖 1 工作面相對位置示意圖。（a）平面圖；（b）剖面圖
Figure 1. Diagram of the relative position of the working face: (a) floor plan; (b) profile
圖 4 不同充填率下Z方向位移變化云圖
Figure 4. Cloud map of the displacement change in the Z-direction at different filling rates
圖 5 不同充填率下巷道下沉量和水平位移的變化曲線。（a）巷道下沉量；（b）巷道的水平位移
Figure 5. Change curve of the roadway subsidence and horizontal displacement under different filling rates: (a) amount of roadway subsidence; (b) horizontal displacement deformation of the roadway
圖 6 充填率為79%時巷道的水平變形和傾斜變形
Figure 6. Horizontal strain and slant deformation of the roadway when the filling rate is 79%
圖 7 傾斜主斷面水平移動變形圖
Figure 7. Horizontal movement and deformation diagram of the inclined main section
圖 8 工作面不同推采階段的水平位移
Figure 8. Horizontal displacement of the working face at different stages of mining
圖 9 工作面推采過程中的水平變形
Figure 9. Horizontal deformation diagram of the working face in the mining process
圖 10 工作面不同推采階段巷道的下沉量
Figure 10. Subsidence of the roadway at different mining stages in the working face
圖 11 工作面推采過程中傾斜的變化
Figure 11. Inclination change of the working face in the mining process
圖 12 工作面推進不同階段時Z方向的應力變化圖（垂直于巷道）。（a）工作面推進50 m時應力分布情況；（b）工作面推進100 m時應力分布情況；（c）工作面推進300 m時應力分布情況；（d）工作面推進500 m時應力分布情況
Figure 12. Stress variation diagram in the Z-direction at different stages of the working face (perpendicular to the roadway): (a) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 50 m working face; (b) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 100 m working face; (c) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 300 m working face; (d) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 500 m working face
圖 13 工作面推進不同階段時Z方向的應力變化圖（垂直于工作面）。（a）工作面推進50 m時應力分布情況；（b）工作面推進100 m時應力分布情況；（c）工作面推進300 m時應力分布情況；（d）工作面推進500 m時應力分布情況
Figure 13. Stress variation diagram in the Z-direction at different stages of the working face (perpendicular to the working face): (a) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 50 m working face; (b) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 100 m working face; (c) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 300 m working face; (d) stress distribution in Z direction when mining 500 m working face
圖 14 巷道右側巖層應力變化圖
Figure 14. Stress variation diagram of the rock strata on the right side of the roadway
圖 15 工作面回采過程中巷道變化趨勢圖
Figure 15. Variation trend diagram of the roadway in the working face mining process
圖 18 觀測點處巷道變形（頂底）值變化趨勢
Figure 18. Variation trend of the roadway deformation (top and bottom) value at the observation point
圖 19 觀測點處巷道變形（平距）值變化趨勢
Figure 19. Variation trend of the roadway deformation (horizontal distance) value at the observation point
表 1 各巖層的物理力學參數
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of each rock layer
Lithology Thickness/
mBody force/
(MN·m?3)Elasticity
modulus/GPaTensile
strength/MPaPacksand 11.69 0.026 4 4.2 Coal 7 0.54 0.025 1.0 0.8 Siltstone 12.1 0.024 3.4 2.5 Mudstone 2.84 0.025 1.2 2.0 Packsand 24.32 0.026 4 4.2 Coal 9 0.48 0.025 1.0 0.8 Packsand 9.4 0.026 4 4.2 Mudstone 22.6 0.025 2.5 1.9 Sandstone 11.2 0.025 6.5 3.5 Coal 19 2.2 0.025 1.0 0.8 Sandstone 0.7 0.025 6.5 3.5 
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表 2 不同充填率最大下沉量、傾斜和水平變形值
Table 2. Maximum subsidence, gradient, and horizontal deformation values at different filling rates
Filling ratio/% Wmax /m imax/(mm·m?1) εmax/(mm·m?1) 0 0.476 14.4 6.6 70 0.142 4.3 2 75 0.119 3.6 1.65 80 0.095 2.88 1.31 90 0.476 1.44 0.66
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表 3 傾向主斷面上水平變形值
Table 3. Horizontal deformation values on the dipping main section
Distance from open cutting /
mHorizontal displacement deformation /
(mm·m?1)0?50 0 100 1.3×10?5 150 3×10?4 200 0.01 250 0.03 300 0.12 350 0.4 400 1 450 2.06 500 4.0
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