Performance analysis and optimization of two-stage heat pipe-cooled thermoelectric chiller
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摘要: 針對熱管良好的散熱能力和兩級熱電制冷器能達到更大的制冷溫差的特性，提出了一種基于熱管散熱的兩級熱電冷水機模型。基于有限時間熱力學和非平衡熱力學，考慮包括湯姆遜效應在內的各種熱電效應，用數值模擬的方法分析了恒溫熱源下工作電流、熱電單元分配比以及熱管幾何參數(熱管外徑、蒸發段長度和吸液芯厚度)對裝置制冷率、制冷系數和極限制冷溫差的影響。在熱電單元總對數一定的約束條件下，分別以制冷率和制冷系數最大為目標，以電流和熱電單元分配比為優化變量，優化了裝置性能，并分析了關鍵參數對最優變量和最優性能的影響，得到了協調制冷率和制冷系數的最優區間。通過優化熱電單元分配比和電流，裝置制冷率和制冷系數有了較大的提升。當
${\Delta }{T}\text{=}\text{20?K}$ ，x = 0.6，I = 2.5 A時，優化后的制冷率和制冷系數分別達到23.42 W和1.53，較優化前分別提高了12.11%和218.75%。Abstract: When compared with the traditional refrigeration method that uses a refrigerant as a working medium, thermoelectric refrigeration is a new type of solid-state active environmental protection refrigeration method. This method is based on the Peltier effect of semiconductor thermoelectric materials, which directly converts electrical energy into a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric refrigeration has the advantages of simple structure, compact structure, rapid cooling, and accurate control of refrigeration temperature. When compared with a single-stage thermoelectric cooler, a two-stage thermoelectric cooler can ensure greater cooling temperature difference and efficiency. A heat pipe is a heat transfer component that uses liquid-phase transition to transfer heat. It has good isothermal stability, efficient thermal conductivity, and small size. For good heat dissipation capacity of heat pipes and higher cooling temperature difference in two-stage thermoelectric coolers, a two-stage thermoelectric chiller model based on heat pipe heat dissipation is proposed. Based on finite-time and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, various thermoelectric effects, including the Thomson effect, are considered. The effects of working current, distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements, and heat pipe geometric parameters (heat pipe outer diameter, evaporating section length, and wick thickness) on the device-cooling load, coefficient of performance (COP), and extreme cooling temperature difference are analyzed by the numerical simulation method. Under a certain total logarithm constraint of the thermoelectric unit, the cooling load and the COP are taken as the targets. The working current and distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements are used as the variables to optimize device performance. The influence of key parameters on the optimal variables and optimal performance is analyzed, and the optimal interval of the coordinated cooling load and COP is obtained. By optimizing the distribution ratio and current of thermoelectric elements, the cooling load and COP of the device significantly improved. When${\Delta }{T}\text{}\text{=}\text{}\text{20?K}$ , x = 0.6, I = 2.5 A, the optimized cooling load and COP reach 23.42 W and 1.53, respectively, which are 12.11% and 218.75% higher than those before optimization. -
圖 1 熱管式兩級熱電冷水機裝置示意圖
Figure 1. Two-stage structure of heat pipe-cooled thermoelectric water chiller
圖 5 制冷率與熱電單元分配比和電流的關系
Figure 5. Cooling load versus distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements and working currents
圖 6 制冷系數與熱電單元分配比和電流的關系
Figure 6. COP versus distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements and working currents
圖 7 極限制冷溫差與熱電單元分配比和電流的關系
Figure 7. Extreme cooling temperature difference versus distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements and working currents
圖 8 制冷率與熱管蒸發段長度和熱管外徑的關系
Figure 8. Cooling load versus evaporation length and external diameter of the heat pipe
圖 9 制冷系數與熱管蒸發段長度和熱管外徑的關系
Figure 9. COP versus evaporation length and external diameter of the heat pipe
圖 10 極限制冷溫差與熱管蒸發段長度和熱管外徑的關系
Figure 10. Extreme cooling temperature difference versus evaporation length and external diameter of the heat pipe
圖 12 極限制冷溫差與吸液芯厚度關系
Figure 12. Extreme cooling temperature difference versus wick thickness
圖 13 熱電單元橫截面積對最優電流范圍的影響
Figure 13. Effect of the cross-section area of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of working currents
圖 14 熱電單元橫截面積對最優熱電單元分配比范圍的影響
Figure 14. Effect of the cross-section area of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements
圖 15 熱電單元橫截面積對最優制冷率范圍的影響
Figure 15. Effect of the cross-section area of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of cooling load
圖 16 熱電單元橫截面積對最優制冷系數范圍的影響
Figure 16. Effect of the cross-section area of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of COP
圖 17 熱電單元長度對最優電流范圍的影響
Figure 17. Effect of length of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of working currents
圖 18 熱電單元長度對最優熱電單元分配比范圍的影響
Figure 18. Effect of length of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements
圖 19 熱電單元長度對最優制冷率范圍的影響
Figure 19. Effect of length of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of cooling load
圖 20 熱電單元長度對最優制冷系數范圍的影響
Figure 20. Effect of length of thermoelectric elements on the optimal range of COP
圖 21 制冷溫差對最優電流范圍的影響
Figure 21. Effect of cooling temperature difference on the optimal range of working currents
圖 22 制冷溫差對最優熱電單元分配比范圍的影響
Figure 22. Effect of cooling temperature difference on the optimal range of distribution ratio of thermoelectric elements
圖 23 制冷溫差對最優制冷率范圍的影響
Figure 23. Effect of cooling temperature difference on the optimal range of cooling load
圖 24 制冷溫差對最優制冷系數范圍的影響
Figure 24. Effect of cooling temperature difference on the optimal range of COP
表 1 熱電單元幾何參數與環境溫度
Table 1. Geometric parameters of thermoelectric elements and ambient temperature
A / mm2 L / mm N T1 / K T2 / K 1.96 2 300 300 280 
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