重毒性鉛污染土壤清潔高效修復研究進展

肖龍恒; 唐續龍; 盧光華; 張穎; 郭敏; 張梅

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.04.08.002

重毒性鉛污染土壤清潔高效修復研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.04.08.002

肖龍恒^{1, 2},
唐續龍³,
盧光華⁴,
張穎¹,
郭敏^{1, 2},
張梅^{1, 2, ,}

1.
北京科技大學冶金與生態工程學院，北京 100083
2.
北京科技大學鋼鐵冶金新技術國家重點實驗室，北京 100083
3.
中國恩菲工程技術有限公司，北京 100038
4.
中冶建筑研究總院有限公司，北京 100088

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: zhangmei@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: X-1; X53
計量
- 文章訪問數: 1603
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 335
- PDF下載量: 65
- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-08
- 網絡出版日期: 2021-05-24
- 刊出日期: 2022-02-15

Research progress in cleaning and efficient remediation of heavy, toxic, lead-contaminated soil

XIAO Long-heng^{1, 2},
TANG Xu-long³,
LU Guang-hua⁴,
ZHANG Ying¹,
GUO Min^{1, 2},
ZHANG Mei^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3.
The China ENFI Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing 100038, China
4.
Central Research Institute of Building and Construction Co., Ltd, MCC Group, Beijing 100088, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: zhangmei@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 在介紹了鉛元素污染背景、現狀與危害的基礎上，對土壤中鉛的來源、賦存形式及其提取方法進行了詳細介紹。結合土壤修復技術研究現狀，對三大修復方法如物理、化學及生物修復法進行了系統綜述，并從效率、適用性、經濟性等方面評估了3種修復方法的優勢與劣勢，發現化學修復最適合重毒性鉛污染治理。隨之對化學淋洗法和固定化/穩定法作了詳細介紹，探討并評價了不同種類淋洗劑和固化劑的修復機制、修復效果、適用性和應用前景等。最后對未來重毒性鉛污染土壤清潔高效修復提出了展望，修復方法應盡量減少對土壤的破壞；對高鉛污染土壤來說聯合修復技術的發展是土壤修復富有潛力的發展方向；應當盡可能地確定鉛污染土壤修復機制，實現定向修復；同時應加強多功能復合材料的研發。
- 鉛污染土壤 /
- 修復方法 /
- 化學淋洗法 /
- 固定化/穩定法 /
- 高濃度鉛
Abstract: With the rapid development of industrialization and human civilization, the soil polluted by heavy, toxic lead is becoming increasingly severe worldwide. Thus, it is imperative to control soil pollution due to lead. In this paper, the background, status, and harm of lead-polluted soil were introduced, and the source, mode of occurrence, and extraction of lead from the soil were depicted in detail. Based on the current soil remediation technology, three major methods, namely, physical, chemical, and bioremediation, have been systematically reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages from the aspects of efficiency, applicability, and economy were evaluated and compared. Results reveal that the most preferred remediation method for heavy, toxic, lead-contaminated soil is chemical remediation. The chemical leaching and immobilization/stabilization methods were subsequently introduced in detail, and the remediation mechanism, effect, applicability, and application prospect of the different types of eluants and curing agents were evaluated and discussed. Finally, the prospect of cleaning and efficient remediation of heavy, toxic, lead-contaminated soil was presented. The restoration should minimize the damage to the soil. For the heavy, lead-contaminated soil, the development of the joint remediation technology is the potential development direction. The mechanism of soil remediation and directional remediation should be determined as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the research and development of multifunctional composite materials should be strengthened.
- lead-contaminated soil /
- remediation technology /
- chemical leaching method /
- immobilization/stabilization method /
- heavy lead pollution

HTML全文

圖 1 Na₂EDTA濃度對去除土壤中DTPA可提取鉛和鎘的影響^[48]

Figure 1. Effect of concentration on the removal of DTPA-extractable lead and cadmium from the contaminated soil using Na₂EDTA^[48]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 2 檸檬酸在土壤顆粒表面對重金屬的吸附^[51]

Figure 2. Adsorption of heavy metals by citric acid on the soil particle surface^[51]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 3 HC12.5–180固定化土壤中Pb、Sb的主要機理^[67]

Figure 3. Main mechanisms of Pb and Sb immobilization in soil by HC12.5–180^[67]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 農用地土壤污染風險值

Table 1. Risk values for soil contamination of agricultural land

Farmland soil	Soil pH	Risk values/(mg·kg^?1)
Farmland soil	Soil pH	Screening value	Intervention value
Paddy field	pH≤5.5	80	400
	5.5<pH≤6.5	100	500
	6.5<pH≤7.5	140	700
	pH>7.5	240	1000
Else	pH≤5.5	70	—
	5.5<pH≤6.5	90	—
	6.5<pH≤7.5	120	—
	pH>7.5	170	—

下載: 導出CSV

表 2 建設用地污染風險值

Table 2. Risk values for soil contamination of construction land

Contaminant project	Screening value/ (mg·kg^?1)		Intervention value/ (mg·kg^?1)
Contaminant project	Type I Land	Type II Land	Type I Land	Type II Land
Lead	400	800	800	2500

下載: 導出CSV

表 3 BCR 提取法

Table 3. BCR extraction method

Step	Operational definition	Chemical reagents and conditions
Ⅰ	Acid fraction	To a l g aliquot, add 40 mL of 0.11 mol·L^?1 HOAc; shake for 16 h at 22 ℃; separate the extract from the solid residue by centrifugation at 3000 rad·min^?1 for 20 min.
Ⅱ	Extractable reducible fraction	To Step 1 residue, add 40 mL of 0.5 mol·L^?1 NH₄OH·HCl from a l L solution containing 25 ml of 2 mol·L^?1 HNO₃ (pH=1.5); shake for 16 h at (22±5) ℃ centrifuge at 3000 rad·min^?1 for 20 min.
Ⅲ	Oxidizable fraction	To Step 2 residue, add 10 mL of H₂O₂ (pH=2?3), digest at room temperature (22±5℃) for 1 h ; heat to 85±2 ℃ for 1 h; add another 10 mL of H₂O₂ and heat to 85±2℃ for 1 h; add 50 mL of 1 mol·L^?1 NH₄OAc (pH = 2) and shake for 16 h at (22±5) ℃ centrifuge at 3000 rad·min^?1 for 20 min.
Ⅳ	Residual fraction	To Step 3 residue, add 3 mL of distilled H₂O₂, 7.5 mL of 6 mol·L^?1 HCl, and 2.5 mL of 14 mol·L^?1 HNO₃; leave overnight at 20 ℃; boil under reflux for 2 h; cool and filter.

下載: 導出CSV

表 4 Tessier 順序提取法

Table 4. Tessier sequential extraction method

Step	Operational definition	Chemical reagents and conditions
Ⅰ	Exchangeable fraction	To a l g aliquot, add 8 mL of 1 ol·L^?1 MgCl₂; oscillating at room temperature for 1 h (200 rad·min^?1); centrifugation for 10 min (4000 rad·min^?1).
Ⅱ	Carbonate-bound fraction	To Step 1 residue, add 8 mL 1 mol·L^?1 NaAc (pH=5); oscillating at room temperature for 1 h (200 rad·min^?1); centrifugation for 10 min (4000 rad·min^?1).
Ⅲ	Fe?Mn oxides bound fraction	To Step 2 residue, add 20 mL 0.04 mol·L^?1 NH₂OH·HCl; heat to (85±2) ℃ for 4 h; centrifugation for 10 min (4000 rad·min^?1).
Ⅳ	Organic-bound fraction	To Step 3 residue, add 3 mL 0.02 mol·L^?1 HNO₃ and 5 mL of H₂O₂ (PH= 2?3); heat to (85±2) ℃ for 2 h; add another 10 mL of H₂O₂ and heat to (85±2) ℃ for 3 h; add 5 mL 3.2 mol?L^?1 NH₄AC; shake for 30 min; and centrifuge at 4000 rad·min^?1 for 10 min.
Ⅴ	Residual fraction	To Step 4 residue, add 3 mL of distilled H₂O₂, 7.5 mL of 6-mol?L^?1 HCl, and 2.5 mL of 14-mol?L^?1 HNO₃; leave overnight at 20 ℃; boil under reflux for 2 h; cool and filter.

下載: 導出CSV

表 5 各種土壤修復方法對比

Table 5. Comparison of various soil remediation methods

Remediation methods		Advantage	Weakness	Application status
Physical remediation	Extra-soil method	The process is easy to implement, and has quick and good effect	It has a high cost and induces secondary pollution.	It is widely used in the 1990s and has been phased out.
Physical remediation	Electrokinetic remediation	The operation is simple, the environmental impact is small, and the soil structure is not damaged.	It can only be repaired in a small area and surface layer, and the repair effect is uneven. It easily corrodes the electrode and has lower remediation efficiency.	It is a new research topic, but few studies on the treatment of lead-contaminated soil are available.
Chemical remediation	Immobilization/ stabilization method	The process is easy to implement and has a low cost. It can deal with a high concentration of contaminated soil and reduce the toxicity of lead leaching.	The soil volume increases after immobilization. This remediation may damage the structure of the soil, resulting in dead soil and secondary pollution.	The main method has been applied in industrialization for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil.
Chemical remediation	Chemical leaching	It can radically reduce the total lead content. The remediation is simple to operate and exhibits low cost and high efficiency.	Dealing with clay soil is difficult, which may damage the soil structure and cause the contamination of the eluent.	It is the main method for treating heavy lead-contaminated soil.
Bioremediation	Phytoremediation Microbial remediation	It is suitable for large areas, environment-friendly, and low cost.	It has a long cycle, slow effect (usually need to harvest plants), and it is greatly influenced by environmental factors. The contaminated plant and microorganisms are difficult to deal with.	It is still in the stage of experiment research and does not apply in dealing with lead-contaminated soil.

下載: 導出CSV

表 6 各種淋洗劑修復鉛污染土壤的綜合比較

Table 6. Comprehensive comparison of various eluents for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil

Type	Advantage	Weakness	Application status
Inorganic lotion	It is mainly composed of HCl and other inorganic acids, and it has a high remediation efficiency (>80%) for higher concentrations (>0.1 mol?L^?1) of lead-contaminated soil. The process is easy to implement and has quick effect.	It may cause soil acidification and seriously damage the soil structure. The eluent may cause groundwater pollution, and its practical application is limited.	It has been gradually phased out, and there are few practical applications in lead-contaminated soil now.
Artificial chelating agent	It can form a stable water-soluble complex with Pb²⁺ by chelation, and it has a good repair effect (60%–80%). EDTA has good stability and can be reused.	It has poor biodegradability and ion selectivity, and it can significantly deteriorate the soil structure and chemical properties. It may pose a health risk due to its toxicity.	It is suitable for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil, and developing chelating agents with good biodegradability is necessary.
Natural organic acid	It consists mainly of small molecular organic acids. It is also self-degradable and does not cause secondary pollution to the environment.	The remediation effect is slow because it needs to be leached repeatedly. Owing to the weak complexing ability with Pb²⁺, the removal rate of lead is low (< 60%), and it is very expensive.	It is suitable for the remediation of lead-contaminated industrial and agricultural soil, and it has a good application prospect.

下載: 導出CSV

表 7 含磷材料修復鉛、鎘污染農田土壤的研究成果

Table 7. Research results of the remediation of Pb/Cd-contaminated farmland soil by phosphorous-containing materials

Stabilizing material	pH	Total Pb content/ (mg·kg^?1)	Addition amount (mole ratio)	Remediation effect/%	References
Ground phosphate rock	5.17	158.76	P/(Pb+Cd) = 0.01–0.42	15.2–54.3 (TCLP)	[56]
Bone meal				8.7–41.3 (TCLP)
Superphosphate				0–34.8 (TCLP)
Superphosphate	5.22	397.90	P/Pb = 0.6	95.69(Sulfuric acid & nitric acid method)	[57]
Micro-sized hydroxyapatite	5.61	67.2	P/(Pb+Cd) = 1.35	99.7 (TCLP) 15.3 (Tessier)	[58]
Nano-sized hydroxyapatite	5.61	67.2	P/(Pb+Cd) = 1.35	99.3 (TCLP) 15.2 (Tessier)	[58]
Monopotassium	4.94	625	P/Pb = 4.0	77 (CaCl₂), 57 (TCLP)	[59]
Phosphorite				78 (CaCl₂), 54 (TCLP)
Hydroxyapatite				69 (CaCl₂), 60 (TCLP)
Monocalcium phosphate	8.0	956	P/Pb = 6.25	99.8 (TCLP)	[60]
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate	8.0	956	P/Pb = 6.25	99.6 (TCLP)	[60]

下載: 導出CSV

表 8 不同固化劑綜合比較

Table 8. Comprehensive comparison of different curing agents

Curing agent	Advantage	Weakness	Application status
Phosphate	It has a higher efficiency (>75%) and quick action because it is very easy to form precipitation with Pb²⁺. It can slightly improve soil fertility.	The soil volume increases after immobilization, and it has a high cost because other metal ions in the soil have a great influence on the immobilization efficiency of Pb²⁺.	It is mature and has been widely used in the immobilization remediation of lead-contaminated soil.
Clay minerals	Because of the big specific surface area and rich interlayer structure, it is easy to adsorb Pb²⁺ and has a low cost. It can improve soil properties and has a wide application.	It has a long cycle, slow effect (usually needs more than 30 d), and is accompanied by secondary pollution.	As a rich natural substance, some of them have been applied to the remediation of lead-contaminated soil.
Biochar	It can significantly improve soil activity. It is green, recyclable, and it has excellent performance.	It has low efficiency, which can be improved by modification. The remediation efficiency of Pb²⁺ is greatly affected by biological characteristics, environmental conditions, etc.	There is a lot of research about biochar, and it has a good application prospect.

下載: 導出CSV

表 9 高鉛污染土壤的修復成果

Table 9. Remediation of soil contaminated by a high concentration of lead

Scholar	Remediation technology	Remediation materials	Total Pb content/ (mg·kg^?1)	Original leaching concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	Remediation effect/%	leaching concentration/ (mg·kg^?1)	References
Zhao et al.	Immobilization/ stabilization method	Composite remediation of superphosphate, humic acid, and fly ash	2500	116 (CaCl₂) 1010 (DTPA)	70.44 (CaCl₂) 51.49 (DTPA)	34.29 (CaCl₂) 489.9 (DTPA)	[69]
Zhang et al.	Immobilization/ stabilization method	Composite remediation of bentonite and lignite	3497	—	40.5 (Residual fraction states increase)	—	[70]
Basta and McGowen	Immobilization/ stabilization method	Diammonium hydrogen phosphate	5150	21.0 (TCLP)	98.9 (TCLP)	0.231 (TCLP)	[71]
Guo et al.	Chemical leaching	Composite remediation of HCl and rhamnolipid	7500	—	68.35	—	[72]
Li et al.	Immobilization/ stabilization method Biochar	Biochar	12410	38 (TCLP)	92.1 (TCLP)	3.0 (TCLP)	[73]

下載: 導出CSV

www.77susu.com

參考文獻(73)

[1]	Lu G H, Yue C S, Peng B, et al. Review of research progress on the remediation technology of mercury contaminated soil. Chin J Eng, 2017, 39(1): 1 盧光華, 岳昌盛, 彭犇, 等. 汞污染土壤修復技術的研究進展. 工程科學學報, 2017, 39(1):1
[2]	Suter G W, Efroymson R A, Sample B E, et al. Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites. 1nd ED. London: Taylor & Francis, 2000
[3]	Williams P N, Lei M, Sun G, et al. Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China. Environ Sci Technol, 2009, 43(3): 637 doi: 10.1021/es802412r
[4]	Tóth G, Hermann T, Silva M R, et al. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environ Int, 2016, 88: 299 doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.017
[5]	Chen N C, Zheng Y J, He X F, et al. Analysis of the Report on the national general survey of soil contamination. J Agro Environ Sci, 2017, 36(9): 1689 doi: 10.11654/jaes.2017-1220 陳能場, 鄭煜基, 何曉峰, 等. 《全國土壤污染狀況調查公報》探析. 農業環境科學學報, 2017, 36(9):1689 doi: 10.11654/jaes.2017-1220
[6]	He Z Q, Shen J, Ni Z L, et al. Electrochemically created roughened lead plate for electrochemical reduction of aqueous CO₂. Catal Commun, 2015, 72: 38 doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.08.024
[7]	Liu X M, Song Q J, Tang Y, et al. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system: A multi-medium analysis. Sci Total Environ, 2013, 463-464: 530 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.064
[8]	Lin Z X. Introduction to Environment Protection. 2nd Ed. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1999 林肇信. 環境保護概論. 2版. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1999
[9]	He K M, Wang S Q, Zhang J L. Blood lead levels of children and its trend in China. Sci Total Environ, 2009, 407(13): 3986 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.018
[10]	Xie Z M. Chemical cycles of lead in environment. Environ Prot Sci, 1996, 22(3): 8 謝正苗. 環境中鉛的化學循環. 環境保護科學, 1996, 22(3):8
[11]	Liu Y H, Wei X Y, Wang X M, et al. A study of the extraction and seperation of the chemical form and available state of lead and cadmium in soil. J Agric Univ Hebei, 1998, 21(4): 44 劉云惠, 魏顯有, 王秀敏, 等. 土壤中鉛鎘的化學形態和有效態的提取與分離研究. 河北農業大學學報, 1998, 21(4):44
[12]	Egirani D E, Poyi N R, Wessey N. Synthesis of a copper(II) oxide-montmorillonite composite for lead removal. Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2019, 26(7): 803 doi: 10.1007/s12613-019-1788-7
[13]	Yang J Y, Yang X E, Wu Y Y, et al. Resource and bio-availability of lead in soil. Chin J Soil Sci, 2005, 36(5): 765 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2005.05.030 楊金燕, 楊肖娥, 何振立. 土壤中鉛的來源及生物有效性. 土壤通報, 2005, 36(5):765 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2005.05.030
[14]	Hu B F, Shao S, Ni H, et al. Current status, spatial features, health risks, and potential driving factors of soil heavy metal pollution in China at Province level. Environ Pollut, 2020, 266: 114961 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114961
[15]	Wilson R, Jones-Otazo H, Petrovic S, et al. Revisiting dust and soil ingestion rates based on hand-to-mouth transfer. Hum Ecol Risk Assess:Int J, 2013, 19(1): 158 doi: 10.1080/10807039.2012.685807
[16]	Wei Y H, Huang Q C. The toxicological effect of lead on the human health and its measures of preventing. Stud Trace Elem Heal, 2008, 25(4): 62 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-5320.2008.04.026 韋友歡, 黃秋嬋. 鉛對人體健康的危害效應及其防治途徑. 微量元素與健康研究, 2008, 25(4):62 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-5320.2008.04.026
[17]	Deng L, Luo F X, Wu Y Y, et al. Research progress of lead morphologic transfer and transformation in the environment// Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences. Kunming, 2013: 1836 鄧芰, 羅付香, 吳彥瑜, 等. 鉛在環境中的形態遷移轉化研究進展// 中國環境科學學會2013年學術年會. 昆明, 2013: 1836
[18]	Huang Y H, Sun J M, Xu J, et al. Remediation of Pb-polluted soils around a smelter in Henan Province by oscillating washing with citric acid. Conserv Util Miner Resour, 2020, 40(4): 35 黃業豪, 孫景敏, 徐靖, 等. 檸檬酸淋洗修復河南某冶煉廠周邊Pb污染土壤. 礦產保護與利用, 2020, 40(4):35
[19]	Li Z T, Wang L, Wu J Z, et al. Zeolite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for immobilization of cadmium, lead, and arsenic in farmland soils: Encapsulation mechanisms and indigenous microbial responses. Environ Pollut, 2020, 260: 114098 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114098
[20]	Chen S B, Zhu Y G, Yang J C. Mechanism of the effect of phosphorus on bioavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems. Tech Equip Environ Pollut Control, 2003(8): 1 陳世寶, 朱永官, 楊俊誠. 土壤-植物系統中磷對重金屬生物有效性的影響機制. 環境污染治理技術與設備, 2003(8):1
[21]	Tessier A P, Campbell P, Bisson M X. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal Chem, 1979, 51(7): 844 doi: 10.1021/ac50043a017
[22]	Quevauviller P, Rauret G, Griepink B. Single and sequential extraction in sediments and soils. Int J Environ Anal Chem, 1993, 51(1-4): 231 doi: 10.1080/03067319308027629
[23]	Li J L. Study on remediation and treatment of lead-zinc contaminated soil. Resour Econ Environ Prot, 2020(2): 53 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2251.2020.02.052 李金林. 鉛鋅污染土壤修復治理應用技術研究. 資源節約與環保, 2020(2):53 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2251.2020.02.052
[24]	Lan L N, Sun X J. Review on the technology and application of lead contaminated soil remediation // Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Material, Energy and Environment Engineering. Changsha City, 2015: 359
[25]	El-Hassanin A S, Labib T M, Dobal A T. Potential Pb, Cd, Zn and B contamination of sandy soils after different irrigation periods with sewage effluent. Water Air Soil Pollut, 1993, 66(3-4): 239 doi: 10.1007/BF00479848
[26]	Douay F, Pruvot C, Roussel H, et al. Contamination of urban soils in an area of northern France polluted by dust emissions of two smelters. Water Air Soil Pollut, 2008, 188(1-4): 247 doi: 10.1007/s11270-007-9541-7
[27]	Wan Y S, Han H, Shen M, et al. Experimental study on electrokinetic remediation of Pb contaminated soil. J Chang Univ Nat Sci, 2018, 30(6): 66 萬玉山, 韓惠, 沈夢, 等. 鉛污染土壤的電動修復實驗研究. 常州大學學報(自然科學版), 2018, 30(6):66
[28]	Dermont G, Bergeron M, Mercier G, et al. Metal-contaminated soils: Remediation practices and treatment technologies. Pract Period Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste Manage, 2008, 12(3): 188 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-025X(2008)12:3(188)
[29]	Yan K H, Dong Z M, Wijayawardena M A A, et al. The source of lead determines the relationship between soil properties and lead bioaccessibility. Environ Pollut, 2019, 246: 53 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.104
[30]	Li Y S, Hu X J, Sun T H, et al. Soil washing/Flushing of contaminated soil: A review. Chin J Ecol, 2011, 30(3): 596 李玉雙, 胡曉鈞, 孫鐵珩, 等. 污染土壤淋洗修復技術研究進展. 生態學雜志, 2011, 30(3):596
[31]	Wang Z Z, Wang H B, Wang H J, et al. Effect of soil washing on heavy metal removal and soil quality: A two-sided coin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2020, 203: 110981 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110981
[32]	Dermont G, Bergeron M, Mercier G, et al. Soil washing for metal removal: A review of physical/chemical technologies and field applications. J Hazard Mater, 2008, 152(1): 1 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.043
[33]	Li Y Y. Research on In-Situ Remediation of PB, CD Contaminated by Leaching-Immobilization in Vegetable Soil [Dissertation]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2015 李燕燕. 菜地土壤鉛鎘污染的原位淋洗−固化修復研究[學位論文]. 重慶: 西南大學, 2015
[34]	Zhang X, Zhou A G, Gan Y Q, et al. Advances in bioremediation technologies of contaminated soils by heavy metal in metallic mines. Environ Sci Technol, 2010, 33(3): 106 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2010.03.024 張溪, 周愛國, 甘義群, 等. 金屬礦山土壤重金屬污染生物修復研究進展. 環境科學與技術, 2010, 33(3):106 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2010.03.024
[35]	Sarwar N, Imran M, Shaheen M R, et al. Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: Modifications and future perspectives. Chemosphere, 2017, 171: 710 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116
[36]	Gomes M A D C, Hauser-Davis R A, de Souza A N, et al. Metal phytoremediation: General strategies, genetically modified plants and applications in metal nanoparticle contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2016, 134: 133 doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.024
[37]	Chen W M, Wu C H, James E K, et al. Metal biosorption capability of Cupriavidus taiwanensis and its effects on heavy metal removal by nodulated Mimosa pudica. J Hazard Mater, 2008, 151(2-3): 364 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.082
[38]	Tang Y T, Qiu R L, Zeng X W, et al. Lead, zinc, cadmium hyperaccumulation and growth stimulation in Arabis paniculata Franch. Environ Exp Bot, 2009, 66(1): 126 doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.12.016
[39]	Ke X, Li P J, Gong Z Q, et al. Advances in Flushing agents used for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Chin J Ecol, 2004, 23(5): 145 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4890.2004.05.028 可欣, 李培軍, 鞏宗強, 等. 重金屬污染土壤修復技術中有關淋洗劑的研究進展. 生態學雜志, 2004, 23(5):145 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4890.2004.05.028
[40]	Liu S Y, Yue C S, Peng B, et al. Research progress on remediation technologies of chromium-contaminated soil: A review. Chin J Eng, 2018, 40(11): 1275 劉仕業, 岳昌盛, 彭犇, 等. 鉻污染毒性土壤清潔修復研究進展與綜合評價. 工程科學學報, 2018, 40(11):1275
[41]	Xu W W, Teng Y T, Ren J H, et al. Effect of different activators on the remediation of Cd and Pb single and compound contaminated soils. Environ Pollut Control, 2019, 41(8): 882 許偉偉, 滕玉婷, 任靜華, 等. 不同活化劑對鎘、鉛單一及復合污染土壤的修復效果影響. 環境污染與防治, 2019, 41(8):882
[42]	Chen C L, Tian T, Wang M K, et al. Release of Pb in soils washed with various extractants. Geoderma, 2016, 275: 74 doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.04.015
[43]	Tampouris S, Papassiopi N, Paspaliaris I. Removal of contaminant metals from fine grained soils, using agglomeration, chloride solutions and pile leaching techniques. J Hazard Mater, 2001, 84(2-3): 297 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00233-3
[44]	Wang X H, Liu Y G, Zeng G M, et al. Extraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils with EDTA and their redistribution of fractions. Environ Sci, 2006, 27(5): 1008 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2006.05.035 王顯海, 劉云國, 曾光明, 等. EDTA溶液修復重金屬污染土壤的效果及金屬的形態變化特征. 環境科學, 2006, 27(5):1008 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2006.05.035
[45]	Feng J, Zhang Z Q, Li N, et al. Washing of heavy metal contaminated soil around a lead-zinc smelter by several chelating agents and the leached soil utilization. Chin J Environ Eng, 2015, 9(11): 5617 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20151177 馮靜, 張增強, 李念, 等. 鉛鋅廠重金屬污染土壤的螯合劑淋洗修復及其應用. 環境工程學報, 2015, 9(11):5617 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20151177
[46]	Chen X T, Wang X, Chen X. Study on the exaction efficiency of heavy metals by chelates. Jiang Su Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 18(2): 9 陳曉婷, 王欣, 陳新. 幾種螯合劑對污染土壤的重金屬提取效率的研究. 江蘇環境科技, 2005, 18(2):9
[47]	Wang Q W, Chen J J, Zheng A H, et al. Dechelation of Cd-EDTA complex and recovery of EDTA from simulated soil-washing solution with sodium sulfide. Chemosphere, 2019, 220(1): 1200
[48]	Yang Z H, Zhang S J, Liao Y P, et al. Remediation of heavy metal contamination in calcareous soil by washing with reagents: A column washing. Procedia Environ Sci, 2012, 16: 778 doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.106
[49]	Papassiopi N, Tambouris S, Kontopoulos A. Removal of Heavy Metals from Calcareous Contaminated Soils by EDTA Leaching. Water Air Soil Pollut, 1999, 109: 1 doi: 10.1023/A:1005089515217
[50]	Gao G L, Zhang W, Zhou L B, et al. Progress in chemical leaching of heavy metal contaminated soil. Nonferrous Met Eng, 2013, 3(1): 49 高國龍, 張望, 周連碧, 等. 重金屬污染土壤化學淋洗技術進展. 有色金屬工程, 2013, 3(1):49
[51]	Ke X, Zhang F J, Zhou Y, et al. Removal of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu in smelter soil by citric acid leaching. Chemosphere, 2020, 255: 126690 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126690
[52]	Gao K, Zhu R, Zou H, et al. Remediation of Pb, Cd, Cu contaminated soil by ultrasonic-enhanced leaching. Chin J Environ Eng, 2018, 12(8): 2328 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201801076 高珂, 朱榮, 鄒華, 等. 超聲強化淋洗修復Pb、Cd、Cu復合污染土壤. 環境工程學報, 2018, 12(8):2328 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201801076
[53]	Zhang H, Gao Y, Xiong H. Removal of heavy metals from polluted soil using the citric acid fermentation broth: A promising washing agent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017, 24(10): 9506 doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8660-y
[54]	Zeng H Z. Remediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated by Lead and Cadmium by Natural Organic Acids and Surfactants [Dissertation]. Nanchang: Nanchang Hangkong University, 2018 曾鴻澤. 天然有機酸與表面活性劑修復重金屬鉛、鎘污染土壤的研究[學位論文]. 南昌: 南昌航空大學, 2018
[55]	Li R S, Li L Y. Enhancement of electrokinetic extraction from lead-spiked soils. J Environ Eng, 2000, 126(9): 849 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:9(849)
[56]	Huang G Y, Su X J, Rizwan M S, et al. Chemical immobilization of Pb, Cu, and Cd by phosphate materials and calcium carbonate in contaminated soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016, 23(16): 16845 doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6885-9
[57]	Wu L S, Zeng D M, Mo X R, et al. Immobilization impact of different fixatives on heavy metals contaminated soil. Environ Sci, 2015, 36(1): 309 吳烈善, 曾東梅, 莫小榮, 等. 不同鈍化劑對重金屬污染土壤穩定化效應的研究. 環境科學, 2015, 36(1):309
[58]	Liu H Y, Zhang Y J, Chen N Y, et al. Effect of surface characteristics of hydroxyapatite on the remediation passivation effect of heavy metal contaminated soil. Environ Chem, 2018, 37(9): 1961 doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017110202 劉弘禹, 張玉杰, 陳寧怡, 等. 羥基磷灰石表面特性差異對重金屬污染土壤固化修復的影響. 環境化學, 2018, 37(9):1961 doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017110202
[59]	Su X J, Zhu J, Fu Q L, et al. Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid. J Environ Sci, 2015, 28: 64 doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.022
[60]	Wang Y M, Chen T C, Yeh K J, et al. Stabilization of an elevated heavy metal contaminated site. J Hazard Mater, 2001, 88(1): 63 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00289-8
[61]	Wang J L, Xie S B, Tu G Q, et al. Comparison of several amendments for in situ remediation of lead-and cadmium-contaminated farmland soil. J Agro Environ Sci, 2019, 38(2): 325 doi: 10.11654/jaes.2018-0597 王建樂, 謝仕斌, 涂國權, 等. 多種材料對鉛鎘污染農田土壤原位修復效果的研究. 農業環境科學學報, 2019, 38(2):325 doi: 10.11654/jaes.2018-0597
[62]	Bashir S, Shaaban M, Hussain Q, et al. Influence of organic and inorganic passivators on Cd and Pb stabilization and microbial biomass in a contaminated paddy soil. J Soils Sediments, 2018, 18(9): 2948 doi: 10.1007/s11368-018-1981-8
[63]	Uchimiya M, Lima I M, Thomas Klasson K, et al. Immobilization of heavy metal ions (Cu^II, Cd^II, Ni^II, and PbII) by broiler litter-derived biochars in water and soil. J Agric Food Chem, 2010, 58(9): 5538 doi: 10.1021/jf9044217
[64]	Puga A P, Abreu C A, Melo L C A, et al. Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. J Environ Manag, 2015, 159: 86 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.036
[65]	Zhou H B, Meng H B, Zhao L X, et al. Effect of biochar and humic acid on the copper, lead, and cadmium passivation during composting. Bioresour Technol, 2018, 258: 279 doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.086
[66]	Dai J, Liu Y S. Adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ onto biochars derived from pyrolysis of four kinds of biomasses. Acta Sci Nat Univ Pekin, 2013, 49(6): 1075 戴靜, 劉陽生. 四種原料熱解產生的生物炭對Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附特性研究. 北京大學學報(自然科學版), 2013, 49(6):1075
[67]	Teng F Y, Zhang Y X, Wang D Q, et al. Iron-modified rice husk hydrochar and its immobilization effect for Pb and Sb in contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater, 2020, 398: 122977 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122977
[68]	Li Y J, Li L, Liu Y M, et al. Remediation of lead-zinc polymetallic mine contaminated soils by MnFe₂O₄ micro-particles. J Arid Land Resour Environ, 2019, 33(1): 101 李元杰, 李林, 劉永茂, 等. 鉛鋅礦區土壤重金屬污染MnFe₂O₄納米微粒修復技術研究. 干旱區資源與環境, 2019, 33(1):101
[69]	Zhao Q Y, Li X M, Yang Q, et al. Passivation of simulated Pb-and Cd-contaminated soil by applying combined treatment of phosphate, humic acid, and fly ash. Environ Sci, 2018, 39(1): 389 趙慶圓, 李小明, 楊麒, 等. 磷酸鹽、腐殖酸與粉煤灰聯合鈍化處理模擬鉛鎘污染土壤. 環境科學, 2018, 39(1):389
[70]	Zhang J J, Zhao Y Q, Wang F F, et al. Immobilization and remediation of Pb contaminated soil treated with bentonite, lignite and their mixed addition. Ecol Environ Sci, 2019, 28(2): 395 張靜靜, 趙永芹, 王菲菲, 等. 膨潤土、褐煤及其混合添加對鉛污染土壤鈍化修復效應研究. 生態環境學報, 2019, 28(2):395
[71]	Basta N T, McGowen S L. Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environ Pollut, 2004, 127(1): 73 doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00250-1
[72]	Guo W, Zhang H Z, Yin X X, et al. Comparison of single and compound washing of remediating Pb contaminated soil of non-ferrous smelters. Appl Ecol Env Res, 2020, 18(1): 901 doi: 10.15666/aeer/1801_901912
[73]	Li X W, Liu Z M, Luo Y X, et al. Research on biochar for remedying heavy metal contaminated soils with high concentration of lead and zinc contamination. Ind Constr, 2017, 47(9): 101 李雄威, 劉正明, 羅元喜, 等. 生物炭修復高濃度鉛鋅污染土的試驗研究. 工業建筑, 2017, 47(9):101