Analysis of competitiveness of China’s aluminum industry in the world and its development trend
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摘要: 在全面綜述我國鋁冶煉工業生產和技術現狀的基礎上，剖析了我國鋁冶煉工業發展在資源、能源和環境治理方面所面臨的主要矛盾與挑戰，在世界范圍進行了生產成本競爭力比較與分析，認為制約我國鋁冶煉工業可持續發展的主要因素是國內缺乏足夠的優質鋁土礦資源、電力價格過高、生產技術需進一步優化，所產生的大量固危廢難于實現無害化和資源化利用。由此提出了我國鋁冶煉工業可持續發展的戰略，即嚴控產能的無序過快擴張并合理布局，優化資源和能源供應結構，實施優質、節能、低耗的產業發展戰略以提高核心競爭力，加快實現廢氣、廢水和固廢的達標排放及資源化利用。研究結果對我國鋁工業進行產業結構調整、實現高質量可持續發展的戰略，具有較重要的意義。Abstract: Aluminum is the second largest metallic material after steel. It is also an indispensable and basic raw material in the economic development of a country. Besides, aluminum is known as a green strategic material due to its efficient recycling performance. China’s aluminum industry has made remarkable achievements in technological innovation and scientific progress through decades of development. However, in recent years, the huge production scale of the aluminum industry has increasingly prominent problems of limited resources, rising energy costs, and environmental pollution. It should be realized that the development and survival of China’s aluminum industry have reached a very critical period. This paper comprehensively studied the current situation of the production and technology of China’s aluminum metallurgical industry. Major contradictions and challenges faced by the development of China’s aluminum industry in the fields of resources, energy, and the environment were revealed. In addition, the competitiveness of the production cost for Chinese alumina refining and aluminum smelting in the world was compared and analyzed. It is shown that the major factors restricting China’s aluminum industry development include the lack of high-quality bauxite resources, high energy costs, the requirement for further improvement of the production technology, and no effective treatment of solid and hazardous wastes. Hence, a development strategy for China’s aluminum industry was proposed, which includes the strict control of the production capacity without out-of-order expansion and establishment of a reasonable industry arrangement, optimization of the resource and energy supply structure, improvement of the production core competitiveness by implementing high-quality, energy-saving, and low consumption strategy, and realizing standardized discharge and resource utilization of waste gas emissions, wastewater, and solid disposals from China’s aluminum industry. The research results of this work are of great significance to the industrial structure adjustment and high-quality, sustainable development for China’s aluminum industry.
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圖 2 我國鋁電解年產量的變化
Figure 2. Variations in the China’s annual primary aluminum production
圖 5 2019年國內外氧化鋁平均運行成本構成比較。（a）中國；（b）除中國以外各生產國
Figure 5. Comparison of alumina production cost distributions in 2019: (a) China; (b) countries except China
圖 6 2019年世界氧化鋁企業生產運行成本的比較
Figure 6. Comparison of alumina production costs in world alumina refineries in 2019
圖 7 2019年世界氧化鋁企業生產中鋁土礦成本的比較
Figure 7. Comparison of bauxite costs in world alumina refineries in 2019
圖 8 2019年世界氧化鋁企業生產中能源成本的比較
Figure 8. Comparison of energy consumption costs in world alumina refineries in 2019
圖 9 2019年國內外電解鋁平均運行成本構成比較。（a）中國，（b）除中國以外各國
Figure 9. Comparison of average aluminum smelting costs in 2019: (a) China; (b) countries except China
圖 10 2019年世界電解鋁企業生產運行成本的比較
Figure 10. Comparison of aluminum production costs of world aluminum smelters in 2019
圖 11 2019年世界電解鋁企業生產中能源成本的比較
Figure 11. Comparison of energy consumption costs of world aluminum smelters in 2019
圖 12 2019年世界電解鋁企業生產中炭陽極成本的比較
Figure 12. Comparison of carbon anode costs of world aluminum smelters in 2019
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