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摘要: 介紹了以膏體+多介質協同充填、同步充填和功能性充填為代表的新興充填理念。系統闡述了以流變力學和固體力學為主體的礦山充填力學架構，剖析了原位多場多因素擾動作用，并介紹了最新研發的充填體多場耦合監測系統。總結了全尾砂深度濃密、固液混合攪拌以及長距離漿體輸送等充填核心環節的發展特點及研究進展。分析了充填智能化發展的必要性，梳理了充填領域涉及的智能化算法，提出了充填智能化未來發展思路。通過對礦山固廢充填發展趨勢分析，認為未來礦山固廢充填需要深度拓展綠色發展內涵，進一步探索模塊化、規模化和智能化之路，積極融入并服務深地開采需求，充填采礦法或將成為深部采礦和綠色采礦未來可期的唯一解決方案。Abstract: In China, solid waste backfill technology has been used in metal mines for more than half a century. It has been essential for comprehensive excavation and utilization of mineral resources, environmental protection, and engineering safety. The core concept of solid waste filling has not changed qualitatively despite the rapid development of mining technology from semi-mechanized and mechanized automation and intelligence. It is mainly used in mine tailings, waste rock, and other solid wastes to control the hazards of goaf and tailings reservoir from the source to treat waste and hazards. However, the quality requirements, degree of fine control, and intelligent allocation technology of solid waste filling are undergoing considerable changes. Furthermore, the design philosophy of modern backfill technology consider comprehensive realization of solid waste utilization, environment conservation, mined-out area disposal, resource recovery, and ground pressure control that require optimal backfill method, sufficient mechanical strength, and pumpable backfill slurry, using information technology, automatic technology, and equipment technology. Besides, new backfill concepts are introduced, such as collaborative paste and multimaterial, synchronous, and functional backfills. In this paper, the framework of backfill mechanics was described, relying on rheology and solid mechanics. The influences of in-situ multifield factors were analyzed based on the characteristics of the in-situ stope, introducing the latest multifield coupling monitoring system. More details about the development trend and research status of critical processes in the backfill, including deep thickening, mixing, and long-distance pipe transport, have been updated. We propose a picture for the future development of intelligent backfill based on the advantages of intelligent backfill and performance of intelligent algorithms in the backfill field. In terms of the future trend of solid waste backfill, we feel that it can enrich green mining, explore the realization of modular, scale, and intelligent backfill, and actively examine and serve the needs of deep mining. Thus, the backfill method appears as the optimal choice for deep mining and green mining.
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Key words:
- metal mine /
- filling mining method /
- solid waste /
- green mining /
- intelligent mining /
- deep mining
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圖 2 膏體技術在中國應用礦山數量統計（1996—2017年）
Figure 2. Number of mines applying paste technology in China (1996—2017)
圖 4 充填采場強度分布不規則性。（a）某進路式；（b）某分段式；（c）某空場嗣后
Figure 4. Irregularity of strength distribution in backfilling stope: (a) a stope with drift filling; (b) a sublevel filling stope; (c) an open stope with subsequent filling
圖 5 基于膏體+多介質協同充填的高地應力環境低成本采礦方法
Figure 5. Low-cost mining method in high geostress environment based on paste + multimedium collaborative filling
圖 6 大量放礦同步充填無頂柱留礦采礦法示意
Figure 6. Schematic of the mining method of large amount drawing with synchronous filling without top column
1—Return air roadway；2—Top pillar；3—Patio；4—Liaison road；5—Intercolumn；6—Retained ore；7—Bottom pillar；8—Funnel；9—Stage transport drift；10—Unmapped stone；11—Filling material；12—Isolation layer
圖 10 充填料漿的黏彈性（a）與觸變性（b）
Figure 10. Viscoelasticity (a) and thixotropy (b) of filling slurry
圖 12 含硫尾砂充填料漿水化過程
Figure 12. Schematic diagram for hydration process of sulphidic cemented backfills
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