非煤露天礦山巖質邊坡穩定性評價標準探討

吳順川; 賀鵬彬; 程海勇; 王廣和; 張小強; 張中信

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.02.01.001

非煤露天礦山巖質邊坡穩定性評價標準探討

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.02.01.001

吳順川^{1, 2},
賀鵬彬¹,
程海勇^{1, 2, ,},
王廣和³,
張小強¹,
張中信¹

1.
昆明理工大學國土資源工程學院，昆明 650093
2.
北京科技大學金屬礦山高效開采與安全教育部重點實驗室，北京 100083
3.
中勘冶金勘察設計研究院有限責任公司，保定 071051

基金項目: 云南省創新團隊資助項目（202105AE160023）；云南省高校科技創新團隊資助項目（KKTA201921003）

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通訊作者:
E-mail: haiker2007@163.com

中圖分類號: TD804
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-01
- 網絡出版日期: 2021-04-12
- 刊出日期: 2022-05-25

Discussion on the stability evaluation standard of a rock slope in a noncoal open-pit mine

1.
Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
2.
Key Laboratory of High Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines (Ministry of Education), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3.
Zhongkan Metallurgical Geotechnical Investigation Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Baoding 071051, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: haiker2007@163.com

摘要

摘要: 根據露天礦山的生產工藝特征，將巖質邊坡劃分為總體邊坡、路間邊坡和臺階邊坡三種尺度，并對其控制因素、破壞模式進行了分析；結合土木工程邊坡規范和非煤露天礦山邊坡規范的邊坡設計安全系數取值，討論了國內外非煤露天礦山邊坡設計安全系數的要求，提出了六條建議；綜合考慮服務年限、邊坡尺度規模的設計安全系數改進方案，并引入失穩概率，拓展了不同尺度邊坡穩定性評價的設計標準，可有效提升非煤露天礦巖質邊坡穩定性評價的合理性和科學性，進一步完善了礦山邊坡設計理論和方法。
- 露天礦山 /
- 巖質邊坡 /
- 設計安全系數 /
- 失穩概率 /
- 邊坡穩定性 /
- 評價標準
Abstract: As an important way to obtain mineral resources, open-pit mining has accounted for about 77% of the total production of the mined iron ore, and about 52% of the total production of non-ferrous ore, indicating huge development potential. With the continuous development of open-pit mines to deep and large-scale directions, the height of mine slopes is constantly increasing and the maximum height has exceeded kilometers. Slope instability disaster is a major problem faced by open-pit mines, and the evaluation and analysis of the stability of mine slopes are of great importance. However, in the stability evaluation and analysis of rock slopes in many open-pit mines, the engineering scale is ignored, the value of design safety factor is too conservative, and the evaluation index is single, rendering it difficult to consider the economy and safety of mine slope evaluation and resulting in the waste of resources and frequent accidents. In this paper, rock slopes were divided into three scales according to the production process characteristics of open-pit mines: (1) overall slope, (2) inter-ramp slope, and (3) bench slope. Moreover, the control elements and failure modes of the slopes were analyzed. Combined with the design safety factor value of the civil-engineering slope standards and specifications of a non-coal open-pit mine slope, the design safety factor requirements of non-coal open-pit mine slopes at home and abroad were discussed, then six suggestions were put forward. Comprehensively taking service years and the improved scheme of design safety factor in slope scale into consideration, the instability probability were introduced to extend the design standard of slope stability evaluation in different scales, which can effectively improve the rationality and scientificity of the rock slope stability evaluation in non-coal open-pit mines, further improving the mining slope design theory and method.
- open-pit mine /
- rock slope /
- design safety factor /
- instability probability /
- slope stability /
- evaluation standard

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圖 1 露天礦巖質邊坡結構參數與臺階分類示意圖

Figure 1. Diagram of the structural parameters and step classification of a rock slope in an open-pit mine

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圖 2 不同邊坡設計方案對比

Figure 2. Comparison of different slope designs

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表 1 露天礦山邊坡設計方案

Table 1. Slope design scheme of the open-pit mine

Slope design scheme	Overall angle/ (°)	Safety factor
Scheme 1	38	1.462
Scheme 2	40	1.364

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表 2 土木工程設計安全系數^[30]

Table 2. Civil-engineering design safety factor^[30]

Material type	Conditions	Design safety factor
Soil earthworks	Normal loads and service conditions	1.5
Soil earthworks	Maximum loads and worst environmental conditions	1.3
Earth retaining	Normal loads and service conditions	2.0
Slopes	Temporary	1.25
Slopes	Permanent	1.5

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表 3 邊坡危害等級

Table 3. Slope hazard grade

Slope hazard grade	Possible casualties	Potential economic risk/(10⁶ ￥)		Comprehensive assessment
Slope hazard grade	Possible casualties	Direct	Indirect	Comprehensive assessment
Ⅰ	Casualties	≥1.0	≥10	Very serious
Ⅱ	Injured	0.5?1.0	5?10	Serious
Ⅲ	Unharmed	≤0.5	≤5	Ordinary

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表 4 邊坡工程安全等級劃分

Table 4. Safety classification of slope engineering

Slope engineering safety grade	Slope height, H/m	Slope hazard grade
Ⅰ	H>500	Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ
	300<H≤500	Ⅰ, Ⅱ
	100<H≤300	Ⅰ
Ⅱ	300<H≤500	Ⅲ
	100<H≤300	Ⅱ, Ⅲ
	H≤100	Ⅰ
Ⅲ	100<H≤300	Ⅲ
Ⅲ	H≤100	Ⅱ, Ⅲ

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表 5 不同荷載組合下總體邊坡的設計安全系數

Table 5. Design safety factor of the overall slope under different load combinations

Slope engineering safety grade	Slope engineering design safety factor
Slope engineering safety grade	Load combination Ⅰ	Load combination Ⅱ	Load combination Ⅲ
Ⅰ	1.25?1.20	1.23?1.18	1.20?1.15
Ⅱ	1.20?1.15	1.18?1.13	1.15?1.10
Ⅲ	1.15?1.10	1.13?1.08	1.10?1.05

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表 6 邊坡危害等級建議

Table 6. Recommendation on the grade of the slope hazard

Slope hazard grade	Possible casualties	Potential economic risk/ (10⁶ ￥)		Comprehensive assessment
Slope hazard grade	Possible casualties	Direct	Indirect	Comprehensive assessment
1	Casualties	≥10	≥50	Very serious
2	Injured	2?10	10?50	Serious
3	Unharmed	≤2	≤10	Ordinary

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表 7 邊坡工程安全等級劃分建議

Table 7. Suggestions on the safety classification of slope engineering

Slope engineering safety grade	Slope height, H/m	Slope hazard grade	Note
Ⅰ	H>500	1, 2, 3	The engineering security levels should be increased a level for open-pit mine slope whose security level belong to II or III, or service years greater than 25
	300<H≤500	1, 2
	100<H≤300	1
Ⅱ	300<H≤500	3
	100<H≤300	2, 3
	H≤100	1
Ⅲ	100<H≤300	3
Ⅲ	H≤100	2, 3

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表 8 采礦巖石邊坡可接受的失穩概率

Table 8. Acceptable instability probability of mining rock slopes

Category	Description	Acceptable instability probability
1	Critical slopes where failure may affect the continuous operation and pit safety	<5%
2	Slopes where failure have a significant impact on costs and safety	<15%
3	Slopes where failure has a notable impact on costs and where minimal safety hazards exist	<30%

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表 9 露天礦巖質邊坡設計安全系數與失穩概率建議值

Table 9. Suggested value of the design safety factor and instability probability of the rock slope in the open-pit mine

Slope scale	Slope engineering safety grade	Acceptable criteria
Slope scale	Slope engineering safety grade	Minimum design safety factor (static)	Minimum design safety factor (dynamic)	Maximum instability probability/%
Bench	Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ	1.1	—	25
Inter-ramp	Ⅲ	1.15	1.0	20
	Ⅱ	1.2	1.0	15
	Ⅰ	1.2	1.1	15
Overall	Ⅲ	1.2	1.0	15
	Ⅱ	1.25	1.05	10
	Ⅰ	1.3	1.1	5
Important production	Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ	1.3	1.1	5

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