月壤原位利用技術研究進展

車浪; 王彬; 趙鵬飛; 朱洪斌; 程鵬; 李光石; 張永合; 魯雄剛

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.26.003

月壤原位利用技術研究進展

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2021.01.26.003

車浪¹,
王彬^{2, 3, ,},
趙鵬飛¹,
朱洪斌^{2, 3},
程鵬¹,
李光石^{1, 4, ,},
張永合^{2, 3},
魯雄剛^{1, 4}

1.
上海大學材料科學與工程學院，上海 200444
2.
中國科學院微小衛星創新研究院，上海 201203
3.
上海微小衛星工程中心，上海 201203
4.
上海大學省部共建高品質特殊鋼冶金與制備國家重點實驗室，上海 200444

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金資助項目（52004157，U1860203，11772202）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: binwangustc@outlook.com

lgs@shu.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TF111;P579;TB332
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- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-26
- 網絡出版日期: 2021-10-19
- 刊出日期: 2021-11-25

Research progress in the in-situ utilization of lunar soil

CHE Lang¹,
WANG Bin^{2, 3
, ,},
ZHAO Peng-fei¹,
ZHU Hong-bin^{2, 3},
CHENG Peng¹,
LI Guang-shi^{1, 4
, ,},
ZHANG Yong-he^{2, 3},
LU Xiong-gang^{1, 4}

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
2.
Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of CAS, Shanghai 201203, China
3.
Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites, Shanghai 201203, China
4.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steels, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: binwangustc@outlook.com; lgs@shu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 月球礦物資源的原位利用技術是月球基地建立和后續深空探索的基礎。由于月球特殊環境及地月運輸成本的限制，現有礦冶技術難以直接應用于月球礦物的原位開發。各國的科研人員圍繞月球礦物資源原位利用方向開展了卓有成效的研究工作，發展了幾種極具應用潛力的技術。這些方法可分為材料化成型和提取冶金兩類，其中材料化成型工藝如燒結法、3D增材制造法等，主要用于將月壤直接材料化成型以制備月球基地建材。提取冶金工藝包括碳/氫化學介質還原法、電解還原法以及真空熱解法等，可生產月壤礦物對應的金屬單質或其低價氧化物，并獲得氧氣。本文概述了已有月壤原位利用技術的一般原理、基本過程、熱力學動力學基礎及近期研究進展。探討了這些方法的一些優缺點，并展望了其在月球礦物原位利用上的應用前景。
- 月壤 /
- 月球資源利用 /
- 材料化成型 /
- 提取冶金 /
- 激光
Abstract: The in-situ utilization of lunar mineral resources is fundamental process for the establishment of a lunar base and subsequent exploration of deep space. However, the special environment of the moon and the cost of earth–moon transportation limit the direct application of existing mining and metallurgy technologies to achieve the in-situ utilization of lunar regolith. Since the 1980s, when NASA first proposed the “In-situ Resource Utilization” program (ISRU) and began to put it into practice, scientific researchers from all over the world have carried out fruitful research on the orientation of the in-situ utilization of lunar mineral resources and developed several technologies with great application potential. These methods can be divided into materialized molding and extractive metallurgy. Materialized molding processes, such as the sintering method and 3D additive manufacturing method, are mainly used to directly materialize the lunar soil to prepare building materials for the lunar base. Meanwhile, metallurgical extraction processes include carbon/hydrogenation medium reduction, electrolytic reduction, and vacuum pyrolysis, which can produce the corresponding metal or its suboxides and oxygen. At present, the main raw materials used in related engineering applications and ISRU research are lunar soil simulants. This paper briefly summarized the special space environment of the moon and its influence. Moreover, the characteristics and applications of lunar soil simulants synthesized in different countries were compared. The main steps, technological characteristics, research status, and application prospects of lunar soil and lunar soil simulant’s materialized molding process were then introduced. This work also summarized the general principles, basic processes, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the lunar soil’s in-situ extraction metallurgical technology, as well as the latest research progress. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were discussed, and their applications in the in-situ utilization of lunar minerals were proposed. In addition, the possible impact of the special lunar environment on the implementation of related technologies and products in the future was discussed and prospected.
- lunar soil /
- utilization of lunar resources /
- materialized molding /
- extraction metallurgy /
- laser

HTML全文

圖 1 月壤玄武巖纖維制備示意圖^[32]

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the preparation of the soil basalt fiber^[32]

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圖 2 氫氣還原過程示意圖^[36]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the hydrogen reduction process^[36]

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圖 3 部分熔融還原示意圖^[42]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of partial melting reduction^[42]

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圖 4 氟化法示意圖^[47]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the fluorination process^[47]

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圖 5 熔融電解法示意圖^[49]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the molten electrolysis process^[49]

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圖 6 FFC法示意圖^[51-52]

Figure 6. Illustration of the FFC Cambridge electrolysis process^[51-52]

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圖 7 OS法示意圖^[53-54]

Figure 7. Illustration of the OS molten salt electrolysis process^[53-54]

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圖 8 月壤真空熱解示意圖^[61-62]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of vacuum pyrolysis of lunar soil^[61-62]

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圖 9 激光熱分解實驗過程示意圖^[66]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the experimental process of laser thermal decomposition^[66]

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表 1 月球空間環境及其有利應用^[8-9]

Table 1. Lunar space environment and its beneficial applications^[8-9]

Environment	Description	Beneficial applications
Vacuum	Without an atmosphere, the vacuum is about 1.3×10^?7 Pa.	A vacuum and oxygen-free environment is beneficial to vacuum metallurgy and promote reduction reaction.
Solar radiation	One moon day is equal to 28 earth days, and the days and nights are long.	The use of solar energy as an energy source, including solar power generation, focused solar heating, solar pump generation of laser, and other ways.
Microgravity	The moon’s gravity: one-sixth of the earth’s gravity.	Reduce the cost of lunar surface transportation and reduce the difficulty of construction. Some processes allow containerless operations.
Temperature difference	The moon’s equatorial temperature ranges from ?178 ℃ to 113 ℃, and its polar temperature ranges from ?223 ℃ to 73 ℃.	Electric generation by temperature difference.
Solar wind	The composition of lunar soil was affected by the solar wind diffusion path for most of the time. It is possible to form OH^? or even H₂O in some oxygen-containing minerals of lunar soil. Some lunar soil is rich in He-3.	It can be used as an important source of reducing element H, and He-3 controllable thermonuclear power generation can provide energy.

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表 2 月壤風化層的礦相組成、化學組成、粒徑和體積質量^[10-12]

Table 2. The minerals composition, chemistry composition, particle size and specific gravity of the lunar regolith^[10-12]

Sample of lunar regolith	Mineralogical composition (mass fraction)/%						Partical size/μm	Specific gravity/(g·cm^?3)	Chemical component (mass fraction)/%
Sample of lunar regolith	Glass	Feldspar	Pyroxene	Olivine	Ilmenite	Other	Partical size/μm	Specific gravity/(g·cm^?3)	SiO₂	TiO₂
Apollo 11^a	43	15.8	32.6	6.5	6	0.6	51	3.1	42.5	7.7
Apollo 14^b	59.1	17.2	10.2	3.5	0.5	9.1	65	2.9	48.1	1.7
Apollo 16^c	49.7	38.7	1			10.7	105	2.5	45.1	0.6
JSC-1(A)	49.3	38.8		9		2.8	100	2.9	45.7	1.9
MLS-1		47.5	29.6	3	8	12	95	3.2	42.8	6.8
NU-LHT-2M	30.7	54.9	6.4	9.5	0.2	0.6	90	3	46.7	0.4
CAS-1	14.6	63.52	7.74	8.13	2.33	3.18	85.94	2.74	49.24	1.87
Chang’e 3	36.2	27.8	17.9	10.5	8.5	0			41.8	5

Sample of lunar regolith	Chemical component (mass fraction)/%
Sample of lunar regolith	FeO	Fe₂O₃	Al₂O₃	MgO	MnO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	Cr₂O₃
Apollo 11^a	15.8		13.8	8.2	0.2	12.1	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.3
Apollo 14^b	10.4		17.4	9.5	0.1	10.8	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.2
Apollo 16^c	5.2		27.2	5.8	0.1	15.8	0.5	0.1	0.1	0.1
JSC-1(A)		12.4	16.2	9.7	0.2	10	3.2	0.8	0.7
MLS-1	16.3		12.1	6.2	0.2	11.1	2.2	0.2
NU-LHT-2M		4.2	24.4	7.9	0.1	13.6	1.3	0.1	0.2
CAS-1	11.35		18.52	7.32	0.19	7.25	3.69	1.38	1.28	0.11
Chang’e 3	21.7		9.8	8.1	0.3	12.3	0.3	0.11	0.1	0.3
Notes: ^a Sample ID 10084, particle size <1000 μm;^b Sample ID 14163，particle size 90–20 μm; ^c Sample ID 64501，particle size 90–1000 μm.

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表 3 各國模擬月壤的原料及主要用途對比^[11,14]

Table 3. Comparison of raw materials and main applications of the lunar soil simulant^[11,14]

Country	Lunar soil simulant	Research institutions	Raw material	Applications
America	JSC-1	NASA Johnson Space Center	Basalt volcanic ash	Scientific and engineering research
	MLS-1	University of Minnesota	Titanium-rich crystalline basalt	Scientific and engineering research
	LSS	U.S. Army Engineering Waterway Experimental Station	Basalt	Engineering research
	GRC	NASA Green Research Center	Quartz sand	Engineering research
Japan	MKS-1	Shimizu Co Space and Robotic Systems Department	Basalt lava	Engineering research
Japan	FJS-1	Shimizu Co Space and Robotic Systems Department	Basalt lava	Engineering research
Britain	SSC-1	Surrey Space Centre	Quartz sand	Engineering research
Britain	SSC-2	Surrey Space Centre	Garnet	Engineering research
Canada	OB-1	University of New Brunswick	Anorthosite and Glass	Engineering research
China	CAS-1	Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences	Basalt volcanic ash	Scientific and engineering research
	CLRS-1	Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC)	Volcanic ash	Scientific and engineering research
	CLRS-2		Volcanic ash and gabbro	Scientific and engineering research
	TJ-1	Tongji University	Volcanic ash	Engineering research
	CUG-1A	China University of Geosciences	Volcanic ash	Engineering research
	LBD	North China Vehicle Research Institute	Volcanic ash and Hematite sand	Engineering research
	TYII-0	Jilin University and China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)	Volcanic ash	Engineering research
	TYII-1		Volcanic ash
	TYII-2		Volcanic ash
	TYII-3		Volcanic ash

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表 4 模擬月壤3D打印技術的特性及其弊端對比

Table 4. Characteristics and disadvantages of 3D printing technology of lunar soil simulant

3D printing technology	Main experimental steps	Additive	Disadvantages	References
Contour crafting	The nozzle is used to extrude the sulfur concrete quickly, manufacturing the structure optionally.	Sulfur	Sulfur needs to be transported from the earth, and the extrusion process is limited by microgravity.	[22]
D-shape	During the 3D printing process, liquids with high surface tension and low viscosity are used to bind the material together.	Inorganic solution	The transport and storage of inorganic solutions are limited, and the ejection process of the liquid is restricted by microgravity.	[23]
Laser 3D printing	Lasers are used to sinter the powder or compaction layer by layer, manufacturing the structure quickly.	None	The interlayer bonding effect of sintering is poor, and the influence of the ultra-high vacuum heat transfer mechanism on sintering needs further study.	[24]
“Lunar regolith inks” printing	The lunar soil powder is directly configured into “printing ink”, which is then extruded and molded.	Organic solution	Organic solvents need to be transported from the earth, and ink extrusion is limited by microgravity.	[25]
Photocuring printing	Ultraviolet light is used to selectively expose the material to solidify the printed material in a specific shape.	Curable resin	The photocurable resins needs to be transported from the earth, and the printed solid material is brittle with poor impact resistance.	[26?27]
Solar 3D printing	The powder or compaction is molded layer-by-layer using focused sunlight.	None	The sunlight focusing effect is poor, and the penetration is weak. The sintered sample is thin with low controllability.	[28]

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表 5 月壤材料化成型技術對比

Table 5. Summary of the molding technology of the lunar regolith

Molding technology	Main experimental steps	The characteristics of the technique	References
Direct sintering	The solidified polymer was obtained by alkaline excitation, cold pressing, and sintering of the lunar soil simulant or lunar soil.	Easy to mass manufacture, high production efficiency, the condensed material needs to be transported from the earth, singular products.	[15?21]
3D additive manufacturing	Selectively molded lunar soil or lunar soil simulant by laser, focused sunlight, or other technical means.	Can mold arbitrarily and rapidly, low production efficiency, low product strength, some technologies require additives.	[22?31]
Direct melting to prepared glass fiber	The lunar soil simulant was melted and rapidly cooled to obtain the vitreous, which is then crushed and wire-drawn in a continuous fiber wire-drawing furnace.	The composite materials of lunar soil can be prepared; further study is needed on the formation of fiber in the special lunar environment.	[32?34]

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表 6 月壤風化層提取冶金技術總結

Table 6. Summary of the metallurgical technology of lunar soil weathering extraction

Extractive technology	Operating temperature	Substances that can be extracted directly	Characteristics of the technique	References
Hydrogen reduction process	800?1000 ℃	Fe	It can directly extract metal iron but can only treat iron minerals in the lunar soil. Oxygen cannot be produced directly.	[35?40]
Carbothermic method	800?2000 ℃	Fe, Si	Metal iron can be produced directly, and silicon can be produced by raising the temperature. Carbon-based reducing agents need to be transported from the earth. Oxygen cannot be produced directly.	[41?44]
Fluorination process	less than 700 ℃	O₂	Oxygen can be obtained only with high oxygen production rate and complex processes. Fluorine needs to be transported from the earth.	[45?47]
Molten electrolysis process	1600?2000 ℃	Fe, Ti, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, O₂	Can extract most of the metals from lunar soil with higher requirements for raw materials and electrodes.	[48?50]
Molten salt electrolysis process	800?1000 ℃	Fe, Ti, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, O₂	Can extract most of the metals from lunar soil with low requirements for raw materials. Molten salt needs to be replenished from the earth.	[51?60]
Vacuum pyrolysis	2000?10000 ℃	Fe, Ti, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, O₂	Low equipment requirements. Can take full advantage of the unique lunar environment to obtain metal and oxygen simultaneously with low yield and low separation efficiency.	[61?73]

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