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摘要: 作為金屬礦山膏體充填技術的首要環節，尾砂濃密技術能夠顯著提高尾砂脫水效率和尾砂利用率，是礦山綠色發展的重要組成部分。在概述了尾砂濃密脫水技術發展歷程的基礎上，將濃密機發展階段分為普通濃密機階段、高效濃密機階段和膏體濃密機階段，闡述了尾砂濃密工藝的應用現狀和國內外幾個典型的應用案例。介紹了對尾砂起捕捉作用的單一絮凝理論和多重絮凝理論，靜態/動態壓縮條件下的床層壓縮理論與重力濃密理論，并闡述了各理論的最新研究進展。闡述了現階段尾砂濃密靜態沉降實驗、小型濃密實驗和半工業濃密實驗等主要研究方法，介紹了聚焦光束反射測量技術、顆粒錄影顯微鏡技術等先進的觀測手段和尾砂濃密技術數值模擬研究現狀。現階段，尾砂濃密脫水技術仍處于發展階段，存在尾砂濃密的關鍵參數不穩定、尾砂濃密的生產調控不及時和尾砂濃密的信息平臺不健全等問題，尾砂濃密技術的發展仍面臨諸多挑戰。最后提出了尾砂濃密技術個性化、自動化和智能化的發展方向。Abstract: In recent years, paste technology has been rapidly promoted in domestic mines. It is a key technology for realizing green mining because it can effectively solve environmental and safety problems caused by mining. With the progress in science and technology, the research level of paste technology is constantly improving. Thickening technology of tailings is the primary procedure of paste backfill technology in metal mines, which can significantly improve the efficiency of tailings dewatering and utilization rate of tailings. Tailings thickening technology is an important part of the green development of mines. This paper presented a summary of the development process of tailings thickening and dewatering technology, dividing the development stage of the thickener into three: (1) ordinary thickener stage, (2) high-efficiency thickener stage, and (3) paste thickener stage. The application status of the thickening process of tailings and several typical application cases at home and abroad were also described. In addition, this paper explored different theories, including the single flocculation theory, multiple flocculation theory, bed compression theory under static/dynamic compression, and gravity thickening theory, along with the corresponding latest research progress of each theory. This paper also presented the main research methods of thickening of tailings, namely the static settlement experiment, small-scale thickening experiment, and semi-industrial thickening experiment. Advanced observational methods such as focused beam reflection measurement technology (FBRM) and particle video microscope technology (PVM) were also introduced. Moreover, the paper expounded on the research status of numerical simulation of tailings thickening technology and highlighted that the tailings thickening and dewatering technology is still in the development stage with some underlying problems, such as the instability of the key parameters of tailings thickening, the untimely production control of tailings thickening, and the imperfect information platform of tailings thickening. Overall, the development of tailings thickening technology is still facing numerous challenges. Finally, the direction of the development of tailing thickening technology is proposed in terms of personalization, automation, and intelligence.
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Key words:
- metal ore /
- tailings /
- thickening equipment /
- dehydration process /
- thickening theory /
- numerical simulation
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圖 1 某顆粒物料靜態沉降導水通道與火山口現象
Figure 1. Water channel and the volcanic phenomenon of static sedimentation of a granular material
圖 5 尾砂濃密物理實驗裝置。（a）靜態沉降實驗；（b）小型濃密實驗；（c）半工業濃密實驗
Figure 5. Physical experimental device for tailings thickening: (a) static settlement experiment; (b) small dense experiment; (c) semi-industrial dense experiment
圖 6 濃密過程顆粒的沉降運動和凝聚行為
Figure 6. Settling motion and agglomeration behavior of particles in the thickening process
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