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摘要: 為探明超細全尾砂的濃密特性，開展量筒沉降實驗，小型和半工業深錐動態濃密試驗。結果表明，分子量1200萬的非離子型絮凝劑最利于尾砂沉降，隨絮凝劑單耗增加，溢流濁度降低，底流濃度基本不變。隨固體通量增加，溢流濁度增加，底流濃度降低。固體通量0.4 t·m?2·h?1，給料固體質量分數12%，絮凝劑單耗50 g·t?1的最佳參數條件下，小型和半工業動態濃密試驗的底流平均固體質量分數分別為62.8%和74.4%，泥層高度對底流濃度影響顯著。深錐濃密機底流固體質量分數隨泥層高度增加呈DoseResp函數增長，分為緩慢增長（泥層1～4 m）、快速增長（泥層4～7 m）和基本穩定（泥層超過7～8 m）3個階段，這跟尾砂絮團在不同泥層高度下的壓縮性能有關。可根據底流濃度與泥層高度的函數關系，調節泥層高度來滿足井下充填所需底流濃度。Abstract: In the future, the output of ultrafine full tailings will explode due to the massive mining of low-grade deposits and demand for the recovery of useful minerals. The best way to dispose of ultrafine full tailings is to prepare them into the paste for filling underground voids or surface stacking. The deep cone thickening of ultrafine full tailings is a key link of tailings paste disposal technology. In the thickening process of ultrafine full tailings, slow sedimentation velocity, high dosage of flocculant, excessive overflow turbidity, and low underflow concentration are the bottlenecks that restrict the application of disposal technology for ultrafine full tailings paste. To investigate the thickening characteristics of ultrafine full tailings, the sedimentation test in measuring cylinder, the small-scale and semi-industrial deep cone dynamic thickening tests were carried out. Results show that the nonionic flocculant with a molecular weight of 12 million is most beneficial for the settlement of the tailings. With increasing flocculant dosage, the turbidity of overflow decreases and underflow concentration remains unchanged. Upon increasing the solid flux, the turbidity of overflow increases and underflow concentration decreases. In particular, when the solid flux is 0.4 t·m?2·h?1, the feeding solid mass fraction is 12%, flocculant dosage is 50 g·t?1, and average solid mass fraction of the underflow of the small-scale and semi-industrial dynamic thickening test is 62.8% and 74.4%, respectively. Mud height has a significant influence on the underflow concentration. The solid mass fraction of the underflow of the deep cone thickener increases with the increasing mud height, and this process conforms to the DoseResp function. This growth process can be divided into three stages: (1) slow growth (mud height 1–4 m), (2) rapid growth (mud height 4–7 m), and (3) basic stable (mud height over 7–8 m). This is related to the compression performance of the tailings flocs at different mud heights. According to the function relation between the underflow concentration and mud height, the mud height can be adjusted to meet the required underflow concentration for underground backfilling.
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圖 2 實驗裝置。（a）小型動態濃密裝置；（b）半工業深錐濃密裝置
Figure 2. Experimental facility: (a) small-scale dynamic thickener; (b) semi-industrial deep cone thickener
圖 3 不同類型絮凝劑作用下的尾砂沉降高度曲線
Figure 3. Settlement height curve of tailings under the action of different types of flocculants
圖 4 固體通量與給料固體質量分數關系
Figure 4. Relationship between the solid flux and feeding solid mass fraction
圖 5 尾砂沉降速度與絮凝劑單耗關系
Figure 5. Relationship between the settling velocity of tailings and flocculant dosage
圖 6 深錐濃密機底流固體質量分數與泥層高度關系
Figure 6. Relationship between the solid mass fraction of underflow and mud height in the deep cone thickener
圖 7 尾砂絮團的簡單立體結構。（a）平面圖；（b）側面圖
Figure 7. Simple three-dimensional structure of tailings flocs: (a) plan; (b) side
圖 8 尾砂絮團的錐體結構。（a）平面圖；（b）側面圖
Figure 8. Pyramidal structure of tailings flocs: (a) plan; (b) side
表 1 小型動態濃密實驗方案和結果
Table 1. Small-scale dynamic thickening: experiment scheme and results
Solid flux /
(t·m?2·h?1)Flocculant dosage /
(g·t?1)Average turbidity of
overflow/10?6Average solid mass
fraction of
underflow /%0.2 40 69.2 61.0 0.3 60 40.7 61.0 0.4 30 184.5 60.5 0.5 50 77.3 59.5 
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