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摘要: 全廢鋼連續加料電弧爐內長電弧作為爐內主要的能量來源，對廢鋼熔化及鋼液升溫至關重要。采用磁矢量勢的磁流體動力學方法建立了電弧爐內電弧的數值模型，并基于該數值模型對電弧爐內電磁場、溫度場和流場進行耦合求解，研究了電流大小、弧長對電弧爐內電弧的溫度、速度、壓力及氣體剪切力特性的影響。結果表明，全廢鋼連續加料電弧爐內電弧等離子體呈“長鐘型”分布，電弧柱較細長；隨著電流增大，電弧有效作用范圍增大，陽極表面電弧壓力和氣體剪切力增大；隨著弧長增加，電弧有效作用范圍減小，陽極表面的電弧壓力和氣體剪切力減小。短弧操作對熔池沖擊劇烈，長弧操作熔池較為平穩，合理控制電流和弧長能有效提高電弧熱效率。Abstract: The continuous scrap electric arc furnace adopts a long arc operation for a longer arc length and a larger discharge power. Although the long arc differs from the traditional welding short arc, few reports on long arc simulation research in the field of the electric arc furnace are available. As the main energy source in the electric arc furnace, the long arc is very important for the melting of scrap and heating of molten steel. Due to the complicated physical phenomena in the electric arc furnace, it is difficult to accurately obtain the distribution of various physical fields in the furnace. Therefore, numerical simulation is a frequently used method for studying the arc plasma in the electric arc furnace. In this paper, the magnetohydrodynamic method of the magnetic vector potential was used to establish the numerical model of an arc. Based on this numerical model, the electromagnetic field, temperature field, and flow field were coupled and solved. The effects of current and arc length on the temperature distribution, velocity distribution, arc force, and shear stress of the arc in the electric arc furnace were studied. The results show that the arc plasma in the electric arc furnace is distributed in a long bell shape, and the arc column is slender. As the current increases, the effective arc action range increases, and the arc pressure and shear stress on the anode surface increase. As the arc length increases, the effective arc action range decreases, and the arc pressure and shear stress on the anode surface decrease. The short arc operation has a strong effect on the molten pool, and the long arc operation is relatively stable. A reasonable control of the current and arc length effectively improves the thermal efficiency of the arc.
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Key words:
- electric arc furnace /
- arc /
- plasma /
- temperature field /
- numerical simulation
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圖 2 電弧電流為1150 A的溫度分布圖
Figure 2. Temperature distribution with an arc current of 1150 A
圖 3 電弧電流為1150 A時距離陰極不同位置處鮑曼實驗數據與模擬數據電弧等離子體速度的徑向分布比對圖。（a）20 mm；（b）38 mm；（c）55 mm
Figure 3. Comparison diagram of the radial distribution of the arc plasma velocity at different positions of the Bowman experiment data and simulation data at an arc current of 1150 A：(a) 20 mm；(b) 38 mm；(c) 55 mm
圖 4 不同電流大小對電弧溫度分布的影響。（a）30 kA；（b）40 kA；（c）50 kA
Figure 4. Effect of different currents on the arc temperature distribution: (a) 30 kA; (b) 40 kA; (c) 50 kA
圖 5 40 kA?400 mm工藝條件下電弧速度分布
Figure 5. Arc velocity distribution under 40 kA?400 mm process conditions
圖 6 不同電流大小對電弧中心軸線速度分布的影響
Figure 6. Effect of different currents on the velocity distribution of the arc central axis
圖 7 不同電流大小對電弧作用力的影響。（a）電弧壓力；（b）氣體剪切力
Figure 7. Effect of different currents on arc force：(a) arc pressure; (b) shear stress
圖 8 不同弧長對電弧溫度分布的影響。（a）300 mm；（b）400 mm；（c）500 mm
Figure 8. Effect of different arc lengths on the arc temperature distribution: (a) 300 mm; (b) 400 mm; (c) 500 mm
圖 9 不同弧長對電弧作用力的影響。（a）電弧壓力；（b）氣體剪切力
Figure 9. Effect of different arc lengths on arc force: (a) arc pressure; (b) shear stress
表 1 電弧模擬邊界條件
Table 1. Boundary conditions of the arc simulation
Boundary T/K $\varphi $/V A/(W·h?m?1) AB 4130 or 1800 $ - \sigma \dfrac{{\partial \varphi }}{{\partial {\textit{z}}}} = J$or 0 $\dfrac{{\partial A}}{{\partial n}} = 0$ C 1800 $\dfrac{{\partial \varphi }}{{\partial {\textit{z}}}}{\rm{ = }}0$ $\dfrac{{\partial A}}{{\partial n}} = 0$ CD 1800 $\dfrac{{\partial \varphi }}{{\partial r}}{\rm{ = }}0$ 0 DE 1800 0 $\dfrac{{\partial A}}{{\partial n}} = 0$ AE $\dfrac{{\partial T}}{{\partial r}}{\rm{ = }}0$ $\dfrac{{\partial \varphi }}{{\partial r}}{\rm{ = }}0$ $\dfrac{{\partial A}}{{\partial n}} = 0$ 
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表 2 不同電弧電流下鮑曼實驗數據[28]與模擬數據中等離子體流速對比
Table 2. Comparison of the plasma flow rate between Bowman data and simulated data at different currents
Current/A Distance from the cathode/mm 20 38 55 Bowman/(m·s?1) Simulated/(m·s?1) Bowman/(m·s?1) Simulated/(m·s?1) Bowman/(m·s?1) Simulated/(m·s?1) 520 520 548 230 254 180 160 1150 1400 1415 1000 942 600 585 2160 1500 1449 950 920 500 733
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