Three-dimensional morphology and thermodynamic calculation of inclusions in stainless steel
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摘要: 采用無水電解法提取不銹鋼中存在的典型夾雜物，通過掃描電子顯微鏡觀察夾雜物三維形貌，并根據元素組成對夾雜物進行分類和形貌分析，對具有相同化學成分但不同三維形貌的夾雜物進行了表征和歸納。利用FactSage 7.0熱力學軟件，對不同夾雜物的平衡狀態進行了計算，研究了溫度和鋼液成分對于夾雜物平衡的影響，并得到相應的平衡相圖。結果表明，無水電解可以有效地將不銹鋼中夾雜物完整地提取出來，避免了金相法帶來的誤差，可以更加清晰的觀測夾雜物的三維形貌；經掃描電子顯微鏡觀察和測量，較大的氧化鋁夾雜物表面較為容易出現鈦元素的富集區域，且大部分夾雜物形貌主要為球狀和表面較為光滑的多面體狀，直徑一般不大于5 μm。通過熱力學計算得到，鋼中夾雜物的生成與鋼中元素質量分數密切相關，在1873 K時，Mg、Ti、Si元素質量分數的不同會導致生成不同的夾雜物。Abstract: The typical inclusions in stainless steels were extracted by the anhydrous electrolysis method, the three-dimensional morphology of the inclusions was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the inclusions were classified and analyzed according to the element composition, and the inclusions with the same chemical composition but different three-dimensional morphology were characterized and summarized. The equilibrium states of the different inclusions were calculated by the thermodynamic software FactSage 7.0, the effects of temperature and molten steel composition on the equilibrium states of inclusions were studied, and the corresponding equilibrium phase diagrams were obtained. In the results, the inclusions in stainless steels can be extracted effectively by the anhydrous electrolysis method, avoiding the error caused by the metallographic method, and the three-dimensional morphology of inclusions can be observed more clearly; according to the SEM observation and measurement, the enrichment area of titanium is likely present at the larger alumina inclusion surface, and most of inclusions are spherical and polyhedral with smooth surface, whose diameters are generally no more than 5 μm. According to the thermodynamic calculation, the inclusions in steels are closely related to the mass fraction of elements in steels; the different mass fractions of Mg, Ti, and Si elements may lead to the different inclusions at 1873 K.
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Key words:
- stanless steel /
- inclusions /
- three-dimensional morphology /
- anhydrous electrolysis /
- thermodynamics
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圖 1 不銹鋼中氧化鋁夾雜三維形貌
Figure 1. Three-dimensional morphology of the alumina inclusions in stainless steels
圖 2 不銹鋼中氮化鈦夾雜三維形貌
Figure 2. Three-dimensional morphology of the titanium nitride inclusions in stainless steels
圖 3 不銹鋼中鈦鋁夾雜三維形貌
Figure 3. Three-dimensional morphology of the titanium and aluminum inclusions in stainless steels
圖 4 不銹鋼中鈦鋁夾雜（氮化鈦+氧化鋁）三維形貌高倍圖
Figure 4. Three-dimensional morphology of the titanium and aluminum inclusions (titanium nitride + alumina) in stainless steels at high magnification
圖 5 不銹鋼中硅鋁夾雜三維形貌
Figure 5. Three-dimensional morphology of the silicon-aluminum inclusions in stainless steels
圖 6 不銹鋼中鈣鋁夾雜三維形貌
Figure 6. Three-dimensional morphology of the calcium and aluminum inclusions in stainless steels
圖 7 1873 K鋼中Al?O熱力學平衡曲線
Figure 7. Thermodynamic equilibrium curves of Al?O in steels at 1873 K
圖 8 1873 K鋼中Al?Ti熱力學平衡曲線
Figure 8. Thermodynamic equilibrium curves of Al?Ti in steels at 1873 K
圖 9 不同溫度下鋼中Ti?N熱力學平衡曲線
Figure 9. Thermodynamic equilibrium curves of Ti?N in steels at different temperatures
圖 10 1873 K下鋼中Al?Si熱力學平衡曲線
Figure 10. Thermodynamic equilibrium curves of Al?Si in steels at 1873 K
圖 11 1873 K下鋼中Al?Mg熱力學平衡曲線
Figure 11. Thermodynamic equilibrium curves of Al?Mg in steel at 1873 K
表 1 AISI321不銹鋼化學成分（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical composition of AISI321 stainless steels
% C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Ti Al N 0.03 0.37 1.13 0.039 0.002 19.14 8.76 0.307 0.026 0.02 
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