Research progress on the role of ladle shroud in protecting molten steel during teeming in continuous-casting tundishes
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摘要: 全球鋼鐵產品很大比例上是通過連鑄工藝生產的，而中間包保護澆注是連鑄生產高品質潔凈鋼的關鍵環節之一。長水口是連接于鋼包和中間包之間的耐材質通道，長水口的發明和使用在連鑄技術發展過程中起到了重要的作用，并與中間包的保護澆注效果有著緊密的聯系，具體包括防止穩態和非穩態澆注過程中的二次氧化和來源于空氣/渣/耐材/引流砂等的污染。本文基于中間包鋼液污染的來源和形式，引申出了長水口在這些方面可以起到的潛在作用，并回顧了長水口在連鑄發展早期的發明、工業實驗效果和不斷優化的歷程。工業實踐證實了長水口優良的保護澆注功能，但其實際效果與長水口的結構和操作工藝緊密相關。因此，分析了不同的長水口結構（包括工業化的長水口和一些新的設計理念）對保護澆注的影響，重點評述了喇叭型長水口在改善鋼液潔凈度和提高生產效率方面的優勢。討論了長水口的浸入深度和偏斜等操作工藝參數與保護澆注之間的關系。結合新時期煉鋼?連鑄的發展形勢，指出了未來長水口結構功能一體化的發展方向，具體表現在長壽化、輕量化、多功能化和綠色化等方面。Abstract: The global steel yield heavily relies on the continuous-casting process in the modern steel industry. Thus, the implementation of protected teeming in continuous-casting tundish for high-quality clean steel production is essential. Ladle shroud is a refractory device that contains the teeming stream between ladle and tundish. The invention and application of the ladle shroud play a significant role in the development of continuous-casting technology and considerably influence the performance of protected teeming, including protecting molten steel from reoxidation and contamination from air/slag/refractory/ladle filler sand during both steady-state and transient casting periods (i.e., first-heat filling, ladle change, and tundish emptying). In this review, the sources and forms of atmospheric contamination of molten steel in the tundish were addressed and the possible solutions to the problems encountered during the use of the ladle shroud were proposed by considering the invention, industrial trials, and progressive optimization in the early stage of the development of continuous casting. The ladle shroud has been proven to effectively protect the teeming stream, which, however, is closely associated with the structural design and operating practice. Thus, the effect of the structural design of the ladle shroud, including two types of industrialized ladle shroud and several new designs, on protected teeming was analyzed and the advantage of the trumpet-shaped ladle shroud over the conventional ladle shroud in terms of production efficiency and molten steel cleanness was emphasized. The materials of the ladle shroud have also been progressively enhanced to prolong its service life and achieve a stable service performance. The influence of operational parameters, including the immersion depth of the ladle shroud in tundish and misalignment, was also discussed. On the basis of current research and development work in the steelmaking continuous-casting field, the future development direction of the ladle shroud was identified to be structure–function integration, characterized by long service life, lightweight, multifunction, and eco-friendly manufacturing.
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Key words:
- continuous casting /
- protected teeming /
- tundish /
- ladle shroud /
- structure–function integration
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圖 2 一個連鑄澆次不同階段的中間包液位和鋼水注入流量變化
Figure 2. Variations of tundish pool level and inflow rate in the different stages of continuous casting
圖 3 中間包不同澆注時期所發生的主要污染形式和污染嚴重程度排序
Figure 3. Contamination and its degree of severity in the different stages of continuous casting
圖 4 自20世紀70年代以來有關長水口研究的文章發表數目
(注：圖中Scopus數據源于關鍵詞“ladle shroud”在2019-9-30的搜索結果；CNKI為中國知網以“長水口”為題目于2019-9-30的搜索結果)
Figure 4. Number of publications related to ladle shroud since the 1970s
(Note: The Scopus data were obtained by searching “ladle shroud” as key word; the CNKI data were obtained by searching “ladle shroud” as part of the title. The Scopus and CNKI data were accessed on September 30, 2019)
圖 5 已經工業化的長水口類型。（a）直筒型；（b）喇叭型（類型1）；（c）喇叭型（類型2）。
Figure 5. Industrialized ladle shrouds: (a) conventional straight ladle shroud; (b) type-1 trumpet ladle shroud; (c) type 2 trumpet-shaped ladle shroud
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