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摘要: 針對縫槽爆破中以空氣作為不耦合介質，其沖擊波和準靜態壓力較小、炸藥能量利用率低、破巖能力弱的問題，提出縫槽水壓爆破方法。利用水的微壓縮性，以及傳能效率高等特點，以水作為炮孔不耦合介質，提升縫槽爆破破巖載荷，開展其爆破破巖載荷特征研究。通過自主研發的縫槽爆破載荷測試實驗系統，分別開展縫槽空氣不耦合爆破和縫槽水壓爆破實驗。結果表明：水作為縫槽爆破不耦合介質，其沖擊波壓力峰值約是縫槽空氣不耦合爆破的35倍，沖擊波壓力上升沿更平緩，入射效率更高；其準靜態壓力峰值是縫槽空氣不耦合爆破的37～46倍，水壓爆破的準靜態壓力壓降緩慢，保壓時間更長。研究表明，縫槽水壓爆破的炸藥能量利用率高，爆炸載荷提升明顯。上述研究成果有助于深入認識縫槽水壓爆破破巖載荷特性，同時對該方法的工程應用提供理論和實驗支撐。Abstract: Slot blasting is widely used in mining and tunnel construction, municipal demolition, water conservation, hydropower, and other related projects due to its low cost and high efficiency. In the slot-blasting technique, it is necessary to break the rock efficiently and minimize the damage to the area surrounding the rock. Therefore, improving the blasting efficiency and explosive energy utilization rate as well as reducing the blasting vibration and excessive crushing of rocks are of great significance to the development of blasting engineering. When air spaced uncoupling medium is used in slot blasting, its rock-breaking efficiency is significantly low due to various factors such as generation of shock waves, low quasi-static pressure, low energy utilization rate of explosive, and weak rock-breaking ability. To improve the rock-breaking load of slot blasting, the slot-hydraulic blasting method was proposed. In this method, water is utilized as the uncoupling medium for slot blasting as water has better microcompressibility and high energy transfer efficiency; in addition, research on its characteristics under rock-breaking load was investigated. Slot blasting with air spaced uncoupling charge and slot-hydraulic blasting tests were carried out under the independently developed slot blast load test system. The test results show that the shockwave pressure of slot-hydraulic blasting tests is approximately 35 times that of the air uncoupling blasting method because of the generation of high-pressure shockwaves and the higher incident efficiency. The hydraulic blasting quasi-static pressure is 37–46 times that of the air spaced uncoupled blasting, the quasi static pressure drop of hydraulic blasting is slow, and the pressure holding time is longer. The research results reveal that the energy utilization rate in the slot-hydraulic blasting is high and the blasting load improvement is significant. These results may help to better understand the rock-breaking load characteristics of slot-hydraulic blasting and provide theoretical and experimental support for utilizing the method in engineering applications.
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Key words:
- slotting /
- hydraulic blasting /
- rock-breaking load /
- shock wave /
- quasi-static pressure
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圖 2 爆炸腔。（a）實物圖；（b）結構圖（單位：mm）
Figure 2. Blasting cavity: (a) physical chart; (b) structure diagram (unit: mm)
圖 4 兩種傳感器實物圖。（a）PVDF薄膜壓電傳感器；（b）壓阻式傳感器（0～0.5 MPa）；（c）壓阻式傳感器（0～20 MPa）
Figure 4. Physical charts of the two sensors: (a) PVDF neurofibril film piezoelectric sensor; (b) piezoresistive sensor (0–0.5 MPa); (c) piezoresistive sensor (0–20 MPa)
圖 6 爆炸沖擊波“壓力?時間”曲線。（a）空氣不耦合爆破；（b）水壓爆破
Figure 6. Pressure?time curve of blasting shock wave: (a) air uncoupling charge blasting; (b) hydraulic blasting
圖 8 準靜態壓力取值大小。（a）空氣不耦合爆破；（b）水壓爆破
Figure 8. Value of measuring quasi-static pressure: (a) air uncoupling charge blasting; (b) hydraulic blasting
圖 9 不同裝藥量條件下，準靜態壓力下降段擬合曲線.空氣不耦合爆破。（a）150 mg；（b）200 mg；（c）250 mg; 水壓爆破：（d）150 mg；（e）200 mg；（f）250 mg
Figure 9. Quasi-static pressure drop fitting curve under different charge quantity conditions: air uncoupling charge blasting: (a) 150 mg, (b) 200 mg, (c) 250 mg; hydraulic blasting: (d) 150 mg, (e) 200 mg, (f) 250 mg
表 1 炸藥成分和配比（質量分數）
Table 1. Explosive composition and ration
% Sulfur Potassium nitrate Charcoal powder 21.05 34.58 47.34 
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表 2 實驗組設置
Table 2. Settings of the experimental group
Uncoupling medium Charge weight /mg Experimental number Air 150 #1-1, #1-2 200 #2-1, #2-2 250 #3-1, #3-2 Water 150 #4-1, #4-2 200 #5-1, #5-2 250 #6-1, #6-2
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表 3 沖擊壓力數據關鍵點坐標
Table 3. Key point coordinates of shock pressure data
Experimental number Start point Peak point Time/ms Stress/MPa Time/ms Stress/MPa #1-1 349.1454 0 349.3909 8.27 #2-1 318.368 0 318.6482 7.96 #3-1 317.6606 0 317.8742 8.05 #4-1 587.009 0 590.2753 293.18 #5-1 477.9754 0 481.1862 243.30 #6-1 480.8264 0 483.1119 322.37
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表 4 準靜態壓力取值
Table 4. Quasi-static pressure values
Experimental number Pag/MPa Pwg/MPa #1-2 0.05 — #2-2 0.09 — #3-2 0.14 — #4-2 — 2.3 #5-2 — 3.3 #6-2 — 5.3
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表 5 準靜態壓力的測量值和理論值
Table 5. Measured and theoretical values of quasi-static pressure
Charge weight/mg Pag/MPa Pwtg/MPa Pwg/MPa Pwg/Pag Pwtg/Pag 150 0.05 1.48 2.3 46 29.6 200 0.09 3.42 3.3 36.67 38 250 0.14 6.09 5.3 37.86 43.5
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