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摘要: 聚酰亞胺（polyimide，PI）由于具有較好的力學性能、優異的耐化學性、良好的介電性能和高溫穩定性，被認為是一種應用前景廣泛的高溫工程聚合物。聚酰亞胺的各類制品如薄膜、涂料、膠黏劑、光電材料、先進復合材料、微電子器件、分離膜以及光刻膠等已經被廣泛應用于電子信息、防火防彈、航空航天、氣液分離以及光電液晶等領域。聚酰亞胺氣凝膠（PIA）是由聚合物分子鏈構成的相互交聯的三維多孔材料，結合了聚酰亞胺和氣凝膠的優異性能，使其不但具有聚酰亞胺的優異特性，而且具有氣凝膠的輕質超低密度、高比表面積、低導熱系數以及低介電常數等突出特點，因此聚酰亞胺氣凝膠材料迅速發展成為性能優異的有機氣凝膠之一，并且在航空航天、電子通訊、隔熱阻燃、隔音吸聲以及吸附清潔等領域展示出廣闊的應用前景。鑒于該材料的這些特質，本文對聚酰亞胺氣凝膠的制備方法、影響因素（溶劑效應、單體結構和固含量）以及應用進行了論述，并對聚酰亞胺氣凝膠材料的未來發展進行了展望。Abstract: Polyimide (PI) is a polymer with the imide ring on the major chain. Due to the stable structure of the rigid aromatic ring and conjugation effect of the aromatic heterocyclic ring of the imide ring, its bond energy of the main chain and intermolecular interaction are strengthened. Therefore, it has good mechanical properties, excellent chemical resistance, good dielectric properties and high temperature stability, with applicability as a high temperature engineering polymer with broad application potential. PI products, such as films, coatings, adhesives, photoelectric materials, advanced composite materials, microelectronic devices, separation films and photoresist, have been widely used in electronic information, fire and bulletproofing, aerospace, gas?liquid separation, photoelectric liquid crystals and other fields. Polyimide aerogels (PIA) are cross-linked, three dimensional porous materials made up of polymer molecular chains, combining the excellent properties of PI and aerogels, such as lightweight, low density, high specific surface area, low coefficient of thermal conductivity and a low dielectric constant. Therefore, PIA are being rapidly investigated as an excellent organic aerogel for broad application in aerospace, electronic communications, heat insulations, flame retardants, sound absorption, adsorption cleaning and other fields. Since National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other scientific research institutions have developed flexible PIA materials and successfully used them in military and civilian applications, sophisticated weapons, Mars exploration and other application fields, their application research and development has been expanded. Given the characteristics of the PIA materials and the need to improve the preparation process and properties, the preparation method, influencing factors (solvent effect, monomer structure and solid content), application and future development are discussed in this paper.
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Key words:
- polyimide (PI) /
- aerogel /
- preparation /
- influencing factors /
- application
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圖 1 聚酰亞胺氣凝膠的合成流程圖（a）和化學反應（b）
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for the synthesis (a) and chemical reactions (b) of the PI aerogel
圖 3 以酸酐和異氰酸酯為原料一步合成聚酰亞胺氣凝膠的化學反應
Figure 3. Chemical reactions of PIA synthesized from anhydride and isocyanate in one step
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