Effect of electroplating Cr coating on combustion characteristics of TC4 titanium alloy
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摘要: 通過對鍍有不同厚度（0、15、30、60 μm）Cr涂層的TC4鈦合金在不同氧壓下進行的富氧點燃試驗，研究了鍍Cr層厚度對TC4鈦合金燃燒性能的影響規律，并通過掃描電子顯微鏡（Scanning electron microscope, SEM）、能譜分析（Energy dispersive spectrometer，EDS）和X射線衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）等手段進行顯微組織分析。結果表明：當Cr層厚度為15 μm和30 μm時，對TC4的燃燒臨界氧壓無明顯影響，而Cr層厚度增加到60 μm時，可將TC4的燃燒臨界氧壓由0.07 MPa提高至0.15 MPa。同時，燃燒速率隨Cr層厚度的增加而降低，說明Cr層厚度的增加能有效抑制火焰傳播速度。其作用機理可能是在燃燒的過程中，表層Cr元素通過固相擴散、熔化等方式進入熔池，與合金中的Al、V元素共同析出，形成了彌散分布的富Cr、Al、V相，并減少了Al與O的結合，對O元素的擴散有阻礙作用，從而降低了燃燒速率。Abstract: Titanium alloys are widely used in aviation industry because of their high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. They are widely used in aircraft engine compressor to improve the thrust-to-weight ratio of an aircraft engine. However, they are easily burning because of their low thermal conductivity and high combustion heat. Under some conditions, titanium blades rubbing with their casees to generate a large amount of heat, and finally burns. To meet the requirements of advanced aero engines and prevent the burning of titanium alloys, we must understand the mechanism of titanium alloys combustion. In this study, TC4 titanium alloys coated with Cr coatings with different thicknesses (0, 15, 30, and 60 μm) were subjected to oxygen-enriched atmosphere under different oxygen pressures. The effect of chrome plating thickness on the combustion properties of TC4 titanium alloys was reported, and microstructure analyses were carried out through SEM, EDS and XRD. Results show that chrome plating thickness has no obvious effect on the critical oxygen pressure of TC4 when the Cr layer thickness is less than 30 μm. The pressure threshold of TC4 increases from 0.07 MPa to 0.15 MPa, when the Cr layer thickness increases to 60 μm, which is about two times higher than the pressure threshold of the substrate. Burning velocity decreases as the Cr layer thickness increases, indicating that a thick Cr layer can effectively inhibit the flame propagation speed. In the underlying action mechanism during combustion, surface Cr enters the molten pool via diffusion and melting and precipitates with Al and V in the alloy to form a Cr-, Al-, and V-rich dispersion cloth phase. The combination of Al and O is reduced, thereby hindering of O diffusion and reducing the burning rate.
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Key words:
- TC4 /
- chrome plating /
- combustion /
- oxygen /
- diffusion
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圖 1 電沉積時間與厚度的關系。（a）0.5 h；（b）1 h；（c）2 h
Figure 1. Diagram of plating time and thickness: (a) 0.5 h; (b) 1 h; (c) 2 h
圖 3 鍍有60 μm Cr層的TC4合金燃燒過程觀察。（a）16.5 s；（b）16.9 s；（c）17.5 s；（d）18 s；（e）19.6 s；（f）20 s；（g）20.6 s；（h）22 s
Figure 3. Combustion process of TC4 alloy coated with 60 μm chromium layer: (a) 16.5 s; (b) 16.9 s; (c) 17.5 s; (d) 18 s; (e) 19.6 s; (f)20 s; (g) 20.6 s; (h) 22 s
圖 4 Cr層厚度與TC4燃燒臨界氧壓的關系
Figure 4. Relationship between the thickness of chromium layer and the threshold pressure of TC4 alloy
圖 5 Cr層厚度與燃燒速率之間的關系
Figure 5. Combustion velocity-pressure relationship with different chromium layer thickness
圖 6 鍍Cr后的樣品燃燒時被氬氣吹滅后的宏觀形貌
Figure 6. Macroscopic morphology of chrome-plated samples after being blown away by argon
圖 7 TC4基體氬氣吹滅后的SEM圖。（a）Ⅰ—氧化物區、Ⅱ—熔化區；（b）（a）的局部放大；（c）（a）的局部放大（Ⅱ—熔化區）；（d）Ⅲ—熔化區、Ⅳ—過渡區、Ⅴ—熱影響區
Figure 7. SEM image of TC4 substrate being blown away by argon: (a) I—oxide zone, II—fusion zone; (b) partial enlargement of (a); (c) partial enlargement of (a) (II—fusion zone); (d) III—fusion zone, IV—transition zone, V—heat affected zone
圖 8 60 μm Cr層的試樣經氬氣吹滅后的SEM圖。(a) Ⅰ—氧化物區、Ⅱ—熔化區末端；（b）Ⅲ—熔化區；（c）Ⅵ—熔化區、Ⅴ—過渡區、Ⅵ—熱影響區；（d）熱影響區側面
Figure 8. SEM image of a 60 μm chromium layer sample being blown away by argon (a) I―oxide zone, II― fusion zone end; (b) III―fusion zone; (c) VI―fusion zone, V―transition zone, VI―heat affected zone; (d) side of heat affected zone
圖 9 60 μm鉻層的試樣經氬氣吹滅后熱影響區–基體SEM圖。（a）熱影響區近過渡區側面；（b）熱影響區近基體側面；（c）基體區側面
Figure 9. SEM image of the heat-affected zone-substrate of the 60 μm chromium layer being blown away by argon (a) the side of the heat-affected zone near the transition zone; (b) the heat-affected zone near the side of the substrate; (c) the side of the matrix zone
圖 11 TC4基體和60 μm Cr層的TC4燃燒時的揮發煙霧的XRD圖譜
Figure 11. XRD pattern of volatile for TC4 substrate and TC4 plated with 60 μm Cr layer
圖 12 TC4基體和60 μm Cr層的TC4燃燒后的滴落殘渣的XRD圖譜
Figure 12. XRD pattern of combustion products for TC4 substrate and 60 μm Cr layer
圖 13 金屬氧化物熔體界面上可能的化學反應的吉布斯自由能之間的比較
Figure 13. Comparison among the Gibbs free energies of possible chemical reactions at the alloy-oxide melt interface
圖 14 熱影響區一側示意圖
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the heat affected zone
1—matrix; 2—Ti–Cr solid phase zone; 3—Ti–Cr liquid zone; 4—Ti–O liquid zone; 5—pure Cr solid phase zone
表 1 TC4鈦合金化學成分(質量分數)
Table 1. Chemical composition of TC4 titanium alloy（mass fraction）
% Al V Fe C N H O Ti 5.5～6.8 3.5～4.5 ≤0.30 ≤0.10 ≤0.05 ≤0.015 ≤0.20 bal 
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Elements Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5 Point 6 Ti 69.74 13.34 84.09 74.33 51.12 71.01 Al 5.56 57.05 0.95 13.37 26.56 15.00 V 0.96 0.00 0.56 4.97 13.71 9.13 O 23.74 29.63 14.39 7.33 8.60 4.86
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Elements Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Ti 58.36 44.40 80.49 3.50 Cr 0.00 24.72 0.00 0.06 Al 0.57 17.56 1.30 60.95 V 0.00 6.56 0.00 0.05 O 41.07 6.76 18.21 35.43
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表 4 純金屬在常壓下點燃時釋放的熱量[20]
Table 4. Heat released by pure metal when ignited under normal pressure
Material Oxides formed Heat of combustion/(J?g?1) Mg MgO 25000 Ti TiO2 16000 Al Al2O3 31000 Cr Cr2O3 10800
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表 5 金屬單質生成氧化物的吉布斯自由能
Table 5. Gibbs free energy of metametallic oxides
Number Equation $\Delta G$/(kJ·mol?1) 1 $\dfrac{4}{3}$V(s)+O2(g) $ \to $$\dfrac{2}{3}$V2O3(s) ?801.933+0.15835T 2 $\dfrac{4}{3}$Cr(s)+O2(g)$ \to $$\dfrac{2}{3}$Cr2O3(s) ?746.840+0.17029T 3 $\dfrac{4}{3}$Al(s)+O2(g)$ \to $$\dfrac{2}{3}$Al2O3(s) ?1121.951+0.2155T 4 Ti(s)+O2(g)$ \to $TiO2(s) ?941+0.17757T
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