Preparation and properties of biomass porous carbon composite phase change materials
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摘要: 目前，通過多孔高導熱載體與相變材料復合的方式提升有機復合相變材料綜合性能的方法得到廣泛應用。多孔碳作為負載能力強，導熱性能良好的載體材料成為研究的熱點，但如何綠色、廉價、簡易地制備出該類載體仍是研究的難點。本文以天然生物質材料松木和竹木為碳源，在梯度溫度和氮氣氣氛下熱處理，使生物質材料碳化并進一步發生石墨化轉變，制備出生物質天然孔道結構的多孔高導熱碳基載體材料。采用真空熔融浸漬法將有機相變材料石蠟和多孔碳基載體材料進行高效復合，制備得到生物質多孔碳/石蠟復合相變材料。通過掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）、紅外光譜儀（FTIR）、同步熱分析儀（TGA）、X射線衍射儀（XRD）、拉曼光譜儀（Raman）、壓汞分析儀（MIP）、差示掃描量熱儀（DSC）、激光導熱儀對載體材料及復合相變材料進行結構表征和性能測試。測試結果表明：生物質多孔碳載體材料孔道結構保存完好，石墨化轉變明顯，保證了有機相變芯材的高效穩定負載。傳熱效率上，相比于純石蠟芯材，以松木和竹木為碳源制得的多孔碳/石蠟復合相變材料熱導率分別提高了100%和216%，達到了0.48 W·m?1·K?1和0.76 W·m?1·K?1。在此基礎上，通過對比松木和竹木為原料制得的復合相變材料的芯材負載量，相變焓值，熱導率的變化，進一步探討了生物質結構對復合相變材料性能的影響機制。Abstract: Presently, combining porous and high-thermal-conductivity matrices with phase change materials is widely used to improve the comprehensive properties of organic composite phase change materials. Porous carbon, as a carrier material with strong load capacity and good thermal conductivity, has become a focus of interest in research. Nevertheless, how to easily prepare this material in a green and inexpensive way still remains a challenge. Subsequent to heat treatment at gradient temperature and nitrogen atmosphere, the biomass materials were carbonized and further transformed to graphite. Then, the porous high-thermal-conductivity carbon materials were obtained by replicating the structure of biomass natural materials. Finally, the biomass porous carbon/paraffin composite phase change materials were prepared using vacuum melting impregnation method. The obtained biomass porous carbon and composite phase change materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), flourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hot-disk thermal analysis. The characterization results show that the structure of the biomass porous carbon material is well preserved, which ensures the efficient and stable load of organic phase change materials. In terms of heat transfer efficiency as compared with pure paraffin materials, the thermal conductivities of porous pine carbon and bamboo carbon/paraffin composite phase change materials are increased by 100% and 216%, respectively, reaching 0.48 W·m?1·K?1 and 0.76 W·m?1·K?1, respectively. Based on these results, by comparing the loading amount of paraffin, phase change enthalpy, and thermal conductivity of the composite phase change materials prepared from pine and bamboo, the influence mechanism of the biomass structure on the properties of the composite phase change materials is further explored. In summary, unlike the traditional composite phase change materials, the preparation process in this experiment is simple, the raw material sources are widely available, cheap, and green, and the thermal conductivity is significantly improved. Therefore, the proposed preparation process has a broad application prospect in the future.
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Key words:
- biomass /
- phase change materials /
- porous carbon /
- paraffin /
- thermal conductivity
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圖 1 生物質材料在不同處理階段的微觀形貌。(a) 天然松木；(b) 天然竹木；(c) 松木多孔碳載體；(d) 竹木多孔碳載體；(e) 松木多孔碳/石蠟復合相變材料；(f) 竹木多孔碳/石蠟復合相變材料
Figure 1. SEM images of biomass after different treatment: (a) pine; (b) bamboo; (c) PC?1000; (d) BC?1000; (e) PWPC?1000; (f) PWBC?1000
圖 2 生物質多孔碳載體、復合相變材料及純石蠟紅外譜圖。(a) 松木碳源；(b) 竹木碳源
Figure 2. FTIR spectra of pure paraffin, biomass porous carbon and composite phase change materials: (a) pine carbon; (b) bamboo carbon
圖 3 生物質多孔碳載體、復合相變材料及純石蠟X射線衍射圖譜。(a)松木碳源；(b)竹木碳源
Figure 3. XRD patterns of pure paraffin, biomass porous carbon and composite phase change materials: (a) pine carbon; (b) bamboo carbon
圖 5 天然松木、竹木及生物質多孔碳載體孔徑分布圖
Figure 5. Pore size distribution of carbon source and biomass porous carbon
圖 6 生物質多孔碳載體、復合相變材料及純石蠟熱重曲線。(a)松木碳源；(b)竹木碳源
Figure 6. TGA curves of pure paraffin, biomass porous carbon and composite phase change materials: (a) pine carbon; (b) bamboo carbon
圖 7 差示掃描量熱曲線圖。(a)純石蠟；(b)生物質多孔碳載體
Figure 7. DSC curves: (a) paraffin; (b) PWPC?1000 and PWBC?1000
圖 8 純石蠟、復合相變材料及生物質原料熱導率對比
Figure 8. Thermal conductivity of paraffin, phase change materials and biomass raw materials
表 1 天然松木、竹木及生物質多孔碳載體孔結構參數
Table 1. Structural parameters of carbon source and biomass porous carbon
樣品 比表面積/(m2·g?1) 孔隙率/% 孔體積/(mL·g?1) BC?1000 51.8 66.2 1.4 PC?1000 47.3 78.7 3.5 竹木 27.8 53.4 0.8 松木 0.9 84.3 3.8 
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表 2 復合相變材料及石蠟在熔化過程中參數
Table 2. DSC data of paraffin and phase change materials
樣品 負載率（質量分數）/% 相變起始溫度/℃ 相變溫度峰值/℃ 相變結束溫度/℃ 吸收焓/(J·g?1) PC?1000 70.5 47.53 56.06 60.87 135.07 BC?1000 51.9 48.57 55.95 61.91 82.63 石蠟 100 56.19 58.28 61.96 213.56
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