高海拔寒區巖質邊坡變形破壞機制研究現狀及趨勢

李長洪; 肖永剛; 王宇; 卜磊; 侯志強

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.05.07.004

高海拔寒區巖質邊坡變形破壞機制研究現狀及趨勢

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2019.05.07.004

李長洪^{1, 2},
肖永剛^{1, 2, ,},
王宇^{1, 2},
卜磊^{1, 2},
侯志強^{1, 2}

1.
北京科技大學金屬礦山高效開采與安全教育部重點實驗室，北京 100083
2.
北京科技大學土木與資源工程學院，北京 100083

基金項目: 國家重點研發計劃課題資助項目（2018YFC0808402）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail：b20170013@xs.ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: P642.3
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2019-05-07
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-01

Review and prospects for understanding deformation and failure of rock slopes in cold regions with high altitude

LI Chang-hong^{1, 2},
XIAO Yong-gang^{1, 2
, ,},
WANG Yu^{1, 2},
BU Lei^{1, 2},
HOU Zhi-qiang^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: b20170013@xs.ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 高海拔寒區礦山巖質邊坡變形破壞機制研究已取得一定的研究成果，但基于現行理論與技術還難以全面解決未來高寒邊坡失穩機理和災害防控的所有問題，至今尚未建立起完善的高寒邊坡開采研究體系和邊坡穩定性判別標準. 本文對高寒巖質邊坡變形破壞的室內巖石力學試驗、邊坡物理相似模擬、多場多相耦合數值模擬、變形破壞原位監測、高海拔寒區巖質邊坡失穩機理五個方面開展了大量的文獻調研，總結高寒巖體變形破壞有關的研究成果，繼而對存在的問題進行探討并分析當前研究的不足，總結出高寒巖質邊坡變形破壞研究領域亟待解決的關鍵問題：一是開采擾動條件下高海拔寒區礦山邊坡巖體結構損傷劣化機制，二是凍融循環條件下流?固?氣多相多場耦合邊坡失穩時效特征與評價方法；并就未來高寒邊坡變形和破壞研究方向及發展趨勢予以分析，指出開展不同應力路徑凍融循環耦合作用下巖體結構損傷劣化機理研究，開展爆破采動條件下高海拔寒區巖質邊坡結構面致潰機制及邊坡失穩破壞研究，開展地震荷載作用下高海拔寒區節理巖質邊坡地震動力響應及致災規律研究，研究多場多相耦合條件下節理巖體損傷劣化機理，開展高海拔寒區礦山邊坡抗寒多參量實時安全監測及失穩預警技術研究五個方面是未來研究的趨勢.
- 高寒邊坡 /
- 凍融循環 /
- 爆破開采 /
- 動力響應 /
- 多相耦合 /
- 失穩機理
Abstract: Research on the deformation and failure mechanism of rock slopes in high-altitude cold areas has obtained certain results, but based on the current theory and technology, it is difficult to comprehensively solve problems related to the cold-slope instability mechanisms and disaster prevention and control. As yet, no overall research system for high-altitude slope mining or criteria for slope stability have been established. In this paper, based on an extensive literature review, five measures of the deformation and failure of alpine rock slopes were presented, including the indoor rock mechanics test, simulation of physically similar slopes, multi-field multi-phase coupled numerical simulation, in-situ monitoring of deformation and damage, and the instability mechanism of rock slopes in high-altitude cold areas. After summarizing the research results related to the deformation and failure of alpine rock masses, existing problems were discussed and current research deficiencies were analyzed. The key problems that require urgent solutions in the research of the deformation and failure of alpine rock slopes were summarized. The first problem is the damage mechanism of a rock mass in a high-altitude cold area under mining disturbance conditions. The second problem is the aging characteristics and evaluation methods of the instability of a flow–solid–gas multi-phase multi-field coupled slope under freeze–thaw cycles. The future research direction and development trends in the deformation and failure of rock slopes in cold regions with high altitude were also analyzed. Research should be conducted on the following: (1) the damage degradation mechanism of rock masses with different stress paths coupled with freeze–thaw cycles, (2) the structural plane collapse mechanism and instability of rock slopes in high-altitude cold areas under the condition of blast mining, (3) the dynamic response and disaster occurrence law of jointed rock slopes in high-altitude cold areas under earthquake loading, (4) the mechanism of damage deterioration of jointed rock masses under multi-field and multi-phase coupling conditions, and (5) real-time safety monitoring and early-warning technology regarding the instability of multi-parameter cold resistance of mine slopes in high-altitude cold areas. These five research areas constitute the trends of future research.
- alpine slope /
- freeze-thaw cycle /
- blast mining /
- dynamic response /
- multi-phase coupling /
- failure mechanism

HTML全文

圖 1 砂巖在不同飽和度下的凍脹變形與單軸拉伸變形對比^[4]

Figure 1. Comparison of frost heave deformation and uniaxial tensile deformation of sandstone at different saturation levels^[4]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 2 凍結溫度設定在?5 ℃和?15 ℃時讀出數據^[10]. （a）巖樣中傳感器溫度隨時間的變化；（b）放熱峰前CT切片及裂縫半高全寬值曲線；（c）放熱峰后CT切片及裂縫半高全寬值曲線

Figure 2. Readouts of freezing temperature with set points ?5 ℃ and ?15 ℃^[10] : (a) the temperature of the sensor in the rock sampler as a function of time; (b) CT slice and Full Width Half Maximum (fwhm) before the exothermal peak; (c) CT slice and Full Width Half Maximum (fwhm) after the exothermal peak

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 3 巖體工程受環境因素及內在因素影響^[15]

Figure 3. Effects of environmental and internal factors on rock mass engineering^[15]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 4 巖?水?冰系統與多場耦合關系^[38]

Figure 4. Relationship of coupled rock?water?ice system^[38]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 5 凍融循環條件下巖質邊坡的聲發射率^[47]

Figure 5. Acoustic emissions of rock slopes under freeze–thaw cycle^[47]

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

圖 6 高寒巖質邊坡凍融破壞示意圖^[63]. （a）裂隙充水；（b）產生新裂隙；（c）裂隙擴展；（d）表面崩塌

Figure 6. Freeze–thaw failure diagrams of alpine rock slopes^[63]: (a) fracture filling; (b) new fractures extension; (c) melt water flow into the extension fractures; (d)surface collapse

下載: 全尺寸圖片幻燈片

表 1 不同監測技術的特點^[54]

Table 1. Characteristics of different monitoring technologies^[54]

監測技術	精度	平均掃描時間	空間分辨率	范圍	信息密度
GB-InSAR	≤mm	<3 min（不限覆蓋范圍）	連續圖像，成千上萬像素	≤4 km	高
真實孔徑雷達	≤mm	5～30 min（依據覆蓋范圍）	連續圖像，幾千像素	≤2.5 km	高、中
激光掃描儀	≤cm	幾分鐘～幾小時（依據覆蓋范圍）	連續圖像，百萬點	≤3 km	超高
自動化全站儀	mm	幾十分鐘	逐點	≤1 km	逐點
全球導航衛星系統（RAR）	≤cm	幾分鐘	逐點	幾十公里	逐點

下載: 導出CSV

表 2 邊坡穩定性分析方法

Table 2. Slope stability analysis methods

工程地質分析法	極限平衡分析法	極限分析法	數值分析方法	可靠性分析方法
分析邊坡地質體成因、演化史、變形破壞方式、力學機制、影響穩定性的因素等，是定性分析方法	假設邊坡出現滑動面且處于極限平衡狀態，然后將邊坡離散成有垂直邊界的剛體條塊，建立條塊之間的靜力平衡方程，通過求解靜力平衡方程得到邊坡的安全系數	將滑坡體看作服從流動法則的理想塑性材料，以極限狀態時自重和外荷載所做的功等于滑裂面上阻力所消耗的功為條件，結合塑性極限分析的上、下限定理，求得邊坡極限荷載與安全系數	基于強度折減的有限元法（SRM）、基于滑面應力分析的有限元法（SSA）、有限差分法、有限單元法、邊界元法、無單元法、無網格法、離散單元法、不連續變形分析方法、快速拉格朗日插值方法、流形元方法等	蒙特卡洛模擬法（Monte Carlo）一次二階矩法統計矩法隨機有限元法

下載: 導出CSV

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