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摘要: 針對膏體充填技術中添加絮凝劑對尾砂濃密后濃度提高有限，且屈服應力增大，流動性降低等問題，研究了絮凝劑?濃密增效劑共同作用，進一步提高全尾砂膏體充填料漿濃度，降低料漿屈服應力，并從微觀角度進行機理分析. 結果表明：通過沉降與流變試驗發現，最佳添加工藝為加入絮凝劑沉降完畢后再加入濃密增效劑，固相質量分數可提高8.57%～10.13%，同時屈服應力降低6.68～12.85 Pa；多組分濃密增效劑不僅能降低單耗與成本，還可以提高膏體充填材料的抗壓強度；灰砂質量比1∶12并添加濃密增效劑的膏體充填材料28 d抗壓強度為2.5 MPa，與灰砂質量比1∶6未添加濃密增效劑的膏體充填材料強度相差小于20%；通過總有機碳（TOC）吸附試驗與Zeta電位試驗發現，濃密增效劑具有吸附與分散的作用，會打開絮凝結構，釋放絮團間水，從而提高尾砂濃度，并改善尾砂顆粒的流動性.Abstract: The mine tailings generated from metallic ore not only occupies a large area of surface resources but also easily causes mud-rock flow and tailings dam failure. Moreover, the existence of a large number of underground voids threatens the safety of underground mining operations and can induce mines earthquake and surface subsidence. The paste filling technology involves thickening the mine tailings into paste and placing the paste in underground voids. The technology has been widely accepted and applied around the world for its advantages in safety, environmental protection, economy, and high efficiency. The dewatering of mine tailings is a prerequisite for the paste filling process. In the paste backfill, after tailings thickening, the concentration increase is limited, the yield stress is increased, and fluidity is reduced with flocculant dosage. The flocculant dosage and thickening synergist work together to further increase unclassified tailings paste concentration and reduce slurry yield stress. The mechanism of the thickening synergist was researched from a microscopic point of view. The results show that the best addition method is to add thickening synergist after tailings settlement with flocculant dosage by settlement and rheological test. The solid mass fraction can be increased by 8.57%?10.13%, and the yield stress can be reduced by 6.68?12.85 Pa. The multi-component thickening synergist can not only reduce unit consumption and cost but also improve the compressive strength of the paste backfill material. The compressive strength of paste backfill material with thickening synergist and cement-tailings mass ratio of 1∶12 is 2.5 MPa at the age of 28 d. The difference is less than 20% compared with the compressive strength of the material with cement-tailings mass ratio of 1∶6 and without thickening synergist. By total organic carbon adsorption test and Zeta potential test, the synergist is found to have functions of adsorption and dispersion. It can destroy the flocculation structure and release the contained water, thereby increasing the tailings concentration and improving the fluidity of tailings particles.
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Key words:
- paste backfill /
- slurry thickening /
- thickening synergist /
- mechanism /
- adsorption and dispersion
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圖 2 固液分離面高度隨時間變化曲線
Figure 2. Change of solid-liquid separation interface height with time
圖 3 尾砂沉降最終固相質量分數與屈服應力
Figure 3. Final solid mass fraction and yield stress of tailings sediments
圖 4 固液分離界面高度隨時間變化曲線
Figure 4. Change of solid-liquid separation interface height with time
圖 5 尾砂沉降最終固相質量分數與屈服應力
Figure 5. Final solid mass fraction and yield stress of tailings sediment
圖 6 不同灰砂質量比膏體充填材料的抗壓強度. （a）1∶6；（b）1∶12；（c）1∶24
Figure 6. Compressive strengths of paste backfill material with different cement-tailings mass ratios:（a）1∶6; （b）1∶12; （c）1∶24
表 1 尾砂的化學成分（質量分數）
Table 1. Chemical composition of tailings
% SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O MgO CaO MnO Na2O TiO2 SO3 P2O5 65.83 16.89 2.30 7.46 0.31 3.46 0.08 1.53 0.29 0.60 0.09 
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表 2 成本分析
Table 2. Cost analysis result
濃密增效劑 灰砂質量比 28 d抗壓強度/MPa 濃密增效劑成本/（元·t?1） 濃密增效劑、水泥、運輸等總成本/（元·t?1） 節約成本/（元·t?1） 無 1∶6 3.04 0 125 0 Ⅰ 1∶12 2.45 8.5 75 50 Ⅱ 1∶12 2.50 6.5 72 53 無 1∶12 1.01 0 62.5 0 Ⅰ 1∶24 1.03 8.5 44 18.5 Ⅱ 1∶24 0.98 6.5 41 21.5
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表 3 添加劑的組成
Table 3. Composition of additive
試樣 絮凝劑 濃密增效劑 質量分數/% 占試樣質量分數/% 質量分數/% 占試樣質量分數/% A 1 0.2 — — B 1 0.2 10 0.6 C 1 0.2 — — D 1 0.2 10 0.6
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表 4 碳吸附試驗結果
Table 4. Carbon adsorption test results
mg·g?1 A B C D m n r 70.36 70.56 81.09 93.26 10.73 22.7 11.97
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