Web 3.0概念、內涵、技術及發展現狀

徐蕾; 李莎; 寧煥生

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.09.14.002

Web 3.0概念、內涵、技術及發展現狀

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.09.14.002

北京科技大學計算機與通信工程學院，北京 100083

基金項目: 北京科技大學教改項目（JG2020Z08）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
E-mail: shalee@ustb.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TG142.71
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出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-14
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-10-04
- 刊出日期: 2023-05-01

Concept, connotation, technology and development status of Web 3.0

School of Computer and Communication, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: shalee@ustb.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: Web 3.0作為人類所期待的下一代互聯網受到了學術界、產業界等廣泛關注，本文從不同國家（包括政策、公司和產品）、國際組織（ITU、IEEE、IET、W3C）和數據庫（Scopus、CNKI）出版物數量角度分析了Web 3.0的發展歷程以及發展現狀，得出Web 3.0中的基礎技術仍然是制約其發展的瓶頸.本文對Web 3.0中的基礎技術深入剖析，從網絡與計算技術（5G、6G、物聯網、云計算、邊緣計算及端計算），安全可信技術（區塊鏈技術、隱私計算、身份管理技術），虛實融合技術（虛實交互技術、IoX、跨鏈技術），智能交互技術（語義網、大數據與數據挖掘、人工智能）四個維度進行闡述.最后對未來Web 3.0在經濟、社會、文化方面引起的變革進行了總結.目前無論基于是信息技術升級的需求，還是走出疫情困擾持續低迷的全球經濟需求，都需要Web 3.0為經濟、科技、文化、社會的變革注入新動能.
- Web 3.0 /
- 網絡與計算 /
- 安全可信 /
- 虛實融合 /
- 智能交互
Abstract: Web 3.0 has widely piqued the interest of academia and industry as the next-generation internet. Therefore, this study analyzes the development process and status of Web 3.0 from the perspectives of countries (policies, companies, and products), international organizations (ITU, IEEE, IET, and W3C), and publications databases (Scopus, CNKI). It is concluded that the fundamental technology in Web 3.0 remains the bottleneck limiting its further development. This study performed an in-depth analysis of the fundamental technologies in Web 3.0 from four perspectives. The first is computing and networking. The ubiquitous “Internet of Things” architecture generates a large amount of real-time data, and it has become an inevitable trend to form a cloud, edge, and end multi-level computing collaboration mode. Furthermore, 5G and 6G network and computing technologies work collaboratively to lay a solid foundation for the best user experience. The second is a secure and reliable technology. In Web 3.0, data become users’ data assets. Blockchain technology, privacy-computing technology, and identity management technology are needed to build the technical foundation for value transmission when transferring digital assets and currency. The third technology is virtual-real fusion. Web 3.0 is a three-dimensional holographic, which means that not only will the virtual and real world be integrated, but the virtual world will also break the barriers between each virtual ecology. The technologies related to the fusion of the virtual and real world include virtual and real interaction technology, IoX and technologies related to the fusion of the virtual world include cross-chain technology. The fourth is intelligent interaction technology. The new generation of the internet will not only respond mechanically to the users’ search content but will also be able to read information like humans, providing users with more accurate, reliable, and personalized services. Intelligent interaction technology mainly includes: semantic web technology, big data, data mining technology, and artificial intelligence technology. Finally, it summarizes the future changes caused by Web 3.0 in the economy, society, culture, and Web 3.0 road with Chinese characteristics. Web 3.0 economic reform is mainly reflected in user-centered value creation. The social reform of Web 3.0 is mainly reflected in reshaping organizations, transforming from traditional and centralized to decentralized organizations. The cultural reform of Web 3.0 is mainly reflected in three fields. It protects the rights and interests of artists and artistic works, which greatly promotes the creation of art in Web 3.0; moreover, it promotes the preservation of cultural heritage and the development of tourism. It also establishes Game Finance (GameFi) to promote the improvement of language, writing, music, aesthetics, and other aspects of games. At present, we need Web 3.0 to impart new momentum to the economic, technological, cultural, and social changes, whether it is based on the demand for upgrading information technology or the need to get rid of the persistent downturn in the global economy caused by the epidemic.
- Web 3.0 /
- network and computing /
- security and trustworthiness /
- fusion of virtual and real /
- intelligent interaction

HTML全文

圖 1 Scopus和CNKI出版物數量統計表

Figure 1. Publications statistics chart for the number of publications in Scopus and CNKI

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圖 2 Web 3.0技術棧

Figure 2. Web 3.0 technology stack

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圖 3 VR/AR/MR與虛擬空間、現實空間的關系

Figure 3. Relationship between VR/AR/MR and virtual space and real space

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表 1 Web 1.0到Web 3.0的特點對比分析表

Table 1. Comparison and analysis of features of Web 1.0 to Web 3.0

Stage	Function	Technology	Information properties	Profit model	Representative platform
Web 1.0	Display information, etc.	HTML, XML, CSS, etc.	Platforms create, platforms own, and platforms control	Platforms gain profits	Sohu, Sina, NetEase, etc.
Web 2.0	Interactive, etc.	Blog,TAG,SNS,RSS,Wiki,AJAX,REST,etc.	Users create, platforms own, and platforms control	Platforms distribute profits	WeChat, Youtube, Google, etc.
Web 3.0	Intelligent interaction and virtual reality integration safe and reliable, etc.	Semantic web, immersive technology, decentralized technology, etc.	Users create, users own, and users control	Users distribute profits	Opensea,Genopets,Berty Technologies, etc.

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表 2 部分專家及研究者對Web 3.0的見解

Table 2. Opinions of experts and researchers on Web 3.0

Author	Time	Essay	Description
Cui-hong Hu	2012	Research on Web 3.0 application in the resources integration portal	Web 3.0 will intelligently integrate Internet information and build personalized Internet for users^[3].
Yu-heng Sun	2014	Visualization analysis of domestic Web 3.0 research progress	Web 3.0 is characterized by personalization, precision, intelligence, and diversification^[4].
Keshab Nath	2014	Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 - Evolution of the Web and its Various Challenges	Web 3.0 can be defined as a semantic network and personalized network^[5].
Abdul Ghaffar Khan	2019	A journey of WEB and Blockchain towards Industry 4.0: An Overview	Web 3.0 usually refers to the semantic web^[6].
Blair MacIntyre	2018	Thoughts on the Future of WebXR and the Immersive Web	Build the future immersive network through WebXR technology^[7].
Faten Adel Alabdulwahhab	2018	Web 3.0: The Decentralized Web Blockchain networks and Protocol Innovation	The direction of the future network is a decentralized network^[8].
Massimo Ragnedda	2020	Social, Economic, and Technological Challenges	Web 3.0 has no control center and a unique profit center based on decentralized implementation^[9].
Zhuo-tao Liu	2021	Make Web 3.0 Connected	Web 3.0 contains three key factors: blockchains, federated or centralized platforms, and interoperability platforms^[10].
Xiao-zhun Peng	2022	Web 3.0, Metauniverse, and the Development of Financial Technology	Based on decentralized and interactive internet^[11].
Yan Liu	2022	Three-tier technical architecture supports Web 3.0	Web 3.0 returns the ownership of digital content and the corresponding value distribution right to the creators^[12].

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表 3 中國和美國在消費互聯網中的Web 3.0相關產品

Table 3. Web 3.0 related products in the consumer internet in China and the United States

Country	Market
Country	Company	Products/services	Blockchain	Blockchain type	Features	Open source
China	Tencent	Magic Nucleus	Zhi Xin Chain	Alliance chain	NFT platform.	Yes
	Alibaba	Jingtan	AntChain	Alliance chain	NFT platform.	No
	JD	Lingxi	JD Chain	Alliance chain	NFT platform.	Yes
USA	Ardrive	Ardrive	Arweave	Public chain	Decentralized cloud disk platform.	Yes
	Uniswap Labs	Uniswap	Ethereum	Public chain	Decentralized exchange platform.	Yes
	Berty Technologies	Berty	IPFS	Public chain	Instant messaging software platform.	Yes
	OpenSea	OpenSea	Ethereum, Polygon	Public chain	NFT trading platform.	Yes
	ConsenSys	Metamask	Ethereum	Public chain	Decentralized Wallet platform.	Yes
	Genopets	Genopets	Solana	Public chain	“Sports Earn Coins” NFT game platform.
	Brave Software	Brave	Solana	Public chain	Decentralized browser platform.	Yes
	Livepeer, Inc.	Livepeer	Ethereum	Public chain	Decentralized video transcoding platform.	Yes
	Sound.xyz	Sound.xyz	Arweave	Public chain	Decentralized music platform.	Yes

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表 4 中國和美國在工業互聯網中的Web 3.0相關產品

Table 4. Web 3.0 related products in the industrial internet in China and the United States

Country	Market
Country	Company	Products/services	Blockchain	Blockchain type	Application scenario	Open source
China	Haier	Haier Internet of Clothing	Hichain	Alliance chain	Clothing management	No
	Inspur	Inspur Quality Code	Inspur Quality Chain	Alliance chain	Supply chain	No
	Tianhecloud	Tianhe Chain Control	Tianhe Chain	Alliance chain	Managing industry, object tracking	No
USA	IBM	IBM Waston	Hyperledger	Alliance chain	Food safety, healthcare, supply chain, and object tracking^[16]	Yes
	Trace Labs	Oringintrail	Multiple Blockchains	Public chain	Data provenance, drug safety, and food safety^[16]	Yes
	Servntire	Netobjex	Multiple Blockchains	Public chain	Smart cities, manufacturing industry, automotive industry, etc.^[16]	Yes

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表 5 Web 3.0的發展階段

Table 5. Development stage division of Web 3.0

Period	Stage	Description	Total number of publications		Annual average number of publications
Period	Stage	Description	Scopus	CNKI	Scopus	CNKI
2006–2007	Embryonic Stage	People have positive ideas about Web 3.0.	0	10	0	5
2008–2016	Development Stage	Mainly based on smart applications.	61	412	6.78	45.78
2017–2020	Stagnation stage	Restricted by many issues.	7	82	1.75	20.5
2021–2022	Redevelopment stage	Integrate multi-technology to achieve product transformation.	7	26	3.5	13

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表 6 隱私計算

Table 6. Privacy calculations

Method	Secure multi-party computation	Federated learning	Trusted computing environment
Core concept	Data-oriented. The original data flow between nodes after a series of operations.	Model-oriented. The original data is only trained locally, and the computation results are exchanged between nodes.	Data-oriented. The original data is encrypted and performed in a secure computing environment provided by special hardware.
Application direction	Focus on the need for multi-party data for joint computational analysis.	Focus on the need for multi-party data for distributed machine learning model training.	Focus on the need for multi-party data for joint computational analysis.
Original data flow direction	Original data is encrypted and exchanged.	Original data is not exchanged.	Original data is encrypted and exchanged.
Hardware requirements	Common hardware.	Common hardware.	Specified hardware.

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