磷酸釩鹽在水系鋅離子電池中的應用

黃巧鋒; 潘瑞梅; 彭瀚東; 王怡琪; 史曉艷; 蔡俊杰; 邵漣漪; 孫志鵬

doi:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.03.19.002

磷酸釩鹽在水系鋅離子電池中的應用

doi: 10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2022.03.19.002

廣東工業大學材料與能源學院，廣州 510006

基金項目: 國家自然科學基金青年科學基金資助項目（21905058）

詳細信息

通訊作者:
邵漣漪，E-mail: shaolianyi@gdut.edu.cn

孫志鵬，zpsunxj@gdut.edu.cn

中圖分類號: TM912.9
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- 文章訪問數: 444
- HTML全文瀏覽量: 281
- PDF下載量: 74
- 被引次數: 0
出版歷程
- 收稿日期: 2022-03-19
- 網絡出版日期: 2022-04-18
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-25

Application of vanadium phosphate in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China

More Information

Corresponding author: SHAO Lian-yi, E-mail: shaolianyi@gdut.edu.cn; SUN Zhi-peng, zpsunxj@gdut.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 鋰離子電池因鋰資源儲量有限、分布不均及一定的安全問題，導致其在大型儲能領域的應用受限。水系鋅離子電池因其資源豐富、安全環保、易于組裝以及價格低廉等優勢在大規模儲能領域具有極大前景。但是由于鋅離子與正極材料基體具有較強的靜電吸附作用，導致其動力學緩慢以及部分正極材料在水系電解液中存在溶解等問題，限制了水系鋅離子電池的發展。在目前的正極材料中，磷酸釩鹽因其結構穩定、電壓平臺高、功率密度高等特點受到研究者的關注。然而，磷酸釩鹽作為水系鋅離子電池正極材料時，較差的電子電導率和溶解問題，制約其循環穩定性和倍率容量。本文綜述各類磷酸釩鹽及其衍生物的物相結構、合成方法、儲鋅性能和儲鋅機制，歸納提高電化學性能的方法如構建納米結構、調節電子結構、包覆導電材料、調控電解液等。最后，總結了磷酸釩鹽儲鋅正極材料現階段存在的挑戰，并對其未來的發展方向提出了展望。
- 水系鋅離子電池 /
- 正極材料 /
- 磷酸釩鹽 /
- 碳包覆 /
- 電解液
Abstract: With the increasing shortage of petroleum resources and serious environmental pollution, the demand for green technology development is growing stronger. Electrical energy storage is an excellent way to store intermittent clean energy and transport clean energy from one place to another. The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is broadly recognized as the first choice for electrical energy storage due to its high energy density, especially in smart electronics and electric cars. Nevertheless, the application of LIB in large-scale energy storage has been limited by various factors, including the limited and uneven distribution of lithium resources, safety issues and toxic organic electrolytes. The aqueous zinc-ion battery (AZIB) has been regarded as a potential substitute for LIB in large-scale energy storage devices because of the competitive theoretical volumetric capacity (5855 mA·h·cm^?3) and gravimetric capacity (820 mA·h·g^?1) of the Zn anode, the low electrochemical potential of Zn²⁺ (?0.76 V vs SHE), and the high ionic conductivity of the aqueous electrolyte, the ease of manufacturing (e.g., manufacture in an open-air environment), and the merits of rich resources, low cost and high safety. Finding a cathode material with high energy density and power density is proposed as a strategy to accelerate the progress of AZIB because the cathode material largely dominates the electrochemical properties and the cost of the battery. However, the strong electrostatic interaction between Zn²⁺ and the host material results in sluggish reaction kinetics, leading to inferior cycling performance and rate property. Some cathode materials are dissolved in aqueous electrolytes, which restrict the development of AZIB. In comparison to the reported AZIB cathodes, including vanadium-based materials, manganese-based materials, Prussian blue analogs, and organic materials, vanadium phosphates have received a lot of attention as cathodes due to their stable structures, high voltage plateaus, and high power densities. This review presents an overview of various vanadium phosphates such as Li₃V₂(PO₄)_3, Na₃V₂(PO₄)_3, VOPO₄, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃, NaVPO₄F and their derivatives that are applied as cathodes for AZIB. The summary includes their phase structures, synthetic methods, electrochemical performance, electrochemical Zn²⁺ storage mechanisms and existing problems. The two major challenges in using vanadium phosphates as cathode materials for AZIB are low electronic conductivity and material dissolution problems, both of which result in inferior cycling performance and rate capacity. The resolution strategies for the mentioned challenges include designing the nanostructure, adjusting the electronic structure, coating with conductive materials, and regulating electrolytes to enhance electrochemical properties. Experimental techniques for studying electrochemical mechanisms are also proposed. Finally, the prospects for the future development of these cathodes in AZIB are advanced. It can be expected that this review has some significance for the development of new vanadium phosphates as cathode materials.
- aqueous zinc-ion battery /
- cathode material /
- vanadium phosphate /
- carbon coating /
- electrolyte

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圖 1 (a) Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃的晶體結構；(b)不同電流密度下，Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃在1 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂+15 mol·L^?1 LiTFSI電解液中的充放電曲線^[34]；(c) Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C在不同pH值電解液中0.2C循環曲線^[31]；(d) LiV₂(PO₄)₃在4 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂電解液中2C時充放電曲線；(e) 10C長循環曲線（插圖: 2C低倍率循環曲線）^[35]

Figure 1. (a) Crystal structure for Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃; (b) charge-discharge curves of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃at different current densities in 1 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂+15 mol·L^?1 LiTFSI electrolyte^[34]; (c) long-term cycles of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C at 0.2C in various pH^[31]; (d) charge-discharge curves of LiV₂(PO₄)₃ in 4 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂ electrolyte at 2C; (e) cycling performance at 10C (Inset: the low rate of 2C)^[35]

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圖 2 (a) Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO的SEM圖^[40];C–rGO–Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃的(b) SEM和(c) TEM圖^[42];(d) Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO在充放電過程中結構演變示意圖^[40]; (e)不同電壓下的Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃，NaV₂(PO₄)₃和Zn_xNaV₂(PO₄)₃（x=0.25）物相比例^[39]

Figure 2. (a) SEM image of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO^[40]; (b) SEM and (c) TEM images of C–rGO–Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃^[42]; (d) schematic structure evolution of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO during the charge/discharge process^[40]; (e) phase fraction contributions of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃, NaV₂(PO₄)₃ and Zn_xNaV₂(PO₄)₃(x=0.25) at different potential states^[39]

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圖 3 (a) KVP的晶體結構圖；(b) KVP的SEM圖^[30]；(c) VOPO₄·2H₂O在WITS電解液的微分容量曲線^[47]；(d)在不同溫度和溶劑下合成的PA–VOP樣品的XRD圖；(e)PA–VOP原始電極片SEM圖；(f)循環300圈后PA–VOP電極片的SEM圖^[45]；(g)塊體-VOP和雙層-VOP在0.1 A·g^–1電流密度下長循環曲線；雙層-VOP的(h)充放電曲線和層間距變化圖和(i)非原位XRD^[27]

Figure 3. (a) Crystal structure pattern of KVP; (b) SEM image of KVP^[30]; (c) differential capacity curves of VOPO₄·2H₂O in WITS electrolyte^[47]; (d) XRD patterns of PA–VOP samples synthesized under different temperatures and solvents; (e) SEM image of PA–VOP pristine electrode; (f) SEM image of PA–VOP electrode after 300 cycles^[45]; (g) cycling performance at 0.1 A·g^?1 for bulk-VOP and bilayer-VOP; (h) charge–discharge curve and the d-spacing variation and (i) ex-situ XRD patterns of bilayer-VOP^[27]

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圖 4 Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃圖. (a)晶體結構；(b)電流密度為1 A·g^–1下的長循環曲線；(c)非原位XRD；(d)非原位XPS^[51]

Figure 4. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ profiles: (a) crystal structure; (b) cycling performance at current density of 1 A·g^–1; (c) ex-situ XRD; (d) ex-situ XPS^[51]

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圖 5 Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂O_1.6F_1.4圖. (a)SEM；(b)在電解液25 mol·L^?1 ZnCl₂+5 mol·L^?1 NH₄Cl（紅）和30 mol·L^?1 ZnCl₂（藍）下的長循環曲線；(c)非原位XRD；(d)Zn 2p和(e)V 2p的非原位XPS^[49]

Figure 5. Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂O_1.6F_1.4@rGO images: (a) SEM; (b) cycling performance in the 25 mol·L^?1 ZnCl₂+5 mol·L^?1 NH₄Cl (red) and 30 mol·L^?1 ZnCl₂ electrolyte (blue); (c) ex-situ XRD; ex-situ XPS of (d) Zn 2p and (e) V 2p^[49]

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圖 6 C–NaVPO₄F圖. (a) XRD；(b)掃速0.1 mV·s^–1的CV曲線；(c)電流密度為100 mA·g^–1的循環曲線；(d)非原位XRD；(e)非原位Raman^[6]

Figure 6. C–NaVPO₄F profiles: (a) XRD; (b) CV curves at 0.1 mV·s^?1; (c) cycling performance at current density of 100 mA·g^-1; (d) ex-situ XRD; (e) ex-situ Raman^[6]

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表 1 水系鋅離子電池正極材料磷酸釩鹽的制備方法和電化學性能

Table 1. Preparation and performance of vanadium phosphate cathode materials for AZIB

Materials morphology	Preparation	Electrolyte	Specific capacity/ (mA·h·g^?1)	Discharge plateaus/V	Cycle number, n (capacity/(mA·h·g^?1), retention ratio, current density)
Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C nanoparticles^[34]	Hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel	1 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂+15 mol·L^?1 LiTFSI	126.7 (200 mA·g^?1)	1.75, 1.35, 1.25	2000 (89.7, 82.3%, 1000 mA·g^?1)
Bulk Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C^[31]	Sol-gel	1 mol·L^?1 Li₂SO₄ + 2 mol·L^?1 ZnSO₄	113.5 (0.2C)	1.45, 1.35	200 (96.9, 85.4%, 0.2C)
LiV₂(PO₄)₃@C microspheres^[35]	Spray-drying	4 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	141.0 (2C)	1.7, 1.2	4000 (118.2, 78.8%, 10C)
Bulk Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@C^[41]	Sol-gel	4 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	120.3 (50 mA·g^?1)	1.3, 1.05	1000 (75.0, 77.8%, 2000 mA·g^?1)
Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃@rGO microspheres^[40]	Spray-drying	2 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	114.0 (50 mA·g^?1)	1.26, 1.02	200 (74.0, 75%, 500 mA·g^?1)
C-rGO-Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ nanoparticles^[42]	Sol-gel	0.5 mol·L^?1 CH₃COONa+ Zn(CH₃COO)₂	93.0 (0.5C)	1.37	200 (71.6, 77%, 0.5C)
KV₂O₄PO₄·3.2H₂O nanoparticles^[30]	Reflux	3 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	228.0 (20 mA·g^?1)	0.93, 0.59	3000 (118.0, 75%, 3 A·g^?1)
VOPO₄·2H₂O nanosheets^[47]	Reflux	0.5 mol·L^?1 Zn(ClO₄)₂+16 mol·L^?1 NaClO₄+3 mol·L^?1 NaCF₃SO₃	140.0 (0.1 A·g^?1)	1.9, 1.7, 1.0	500 (95, 95%, 1 A·g^?1)
PA?VOPO₄·2H₂O nanosheets^[45]	Reflux and solvothermal	2 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	268.2 (0.1 A·g^?1)	1.3	2000 (185.4, 92.3%, 5 A·g^?1)
Bilayer VOPO₄·2H₂O nanosheets^[27]	Liquid-exfoliation	2 mol·L^?1 ZnSO₄	313.7 (0.1 A·g^?1)	0.9, 0.6	2000 (158.5, 76.8%, 5 A·g^?1)
Bulk Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃@C^[51]	Sol-gel	2 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	65.1 (0.2 A·g^?1)	1.6, 1.25	4000 (46.0, 95%, 0.2 A·g^?1)
Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂O_1.6F_1.4@rGO nanoparticles^[49]	Solvothermal	25 mol·L^?1 ZnCl₂+5 mol·L^?1 NH₄Cl	139 (500 mA·g^?1)	1.89, 1.47	7000 (61.0, 73.5%, 2 A·g^?1)
C-NaVPO₄F nanoparticles^[6]	Sol-gel	15 mol·L^?1 NaClO₄+1 mol·L^?1 Zn(OTF)₂	89.6 (100 mA·g^?1)	1.31, 1.27	4000 (66.7, 89.3%, 1 A·g^?1)

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