Low-carbon development strategy analysis of the domestic and foreign steel industry
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摘要: 在綠色化、低碳化發展的時代背景下，全球鋼鐵行業紛紛開展低碳研究工作，各類低碳技術層出不窮。首先概述了全球鋼鐵行業CO2排放現狀，以及主要產鋼國家的碳減排目標，并對其低碳策略進行詳細的分析，指出國際鋼鐵行業的低碳發展方向主要聚焦于發展電爐流程、氫冶金、碳捕集利用與封存和清潔能源利用等方面。隨后聚焦我國鋼鐵行業碳排放現狀，梳理了中國鋼鐵行業實現“雙碳”目標的應對策略，指出減量化發展、流程結構調整是未來我國鋼鐵行業低碳發展的主攻方向。最后，為了使前文所提的宏觀策略更加具體化，又選取我國某一典型鋼鐵企業，以其技術特點、地理位置、資源稟賦、發展規劃為主要依據，針對性地分析并提出了7條適合該企業的減排路徑，為其綠色低碳發展指明方向。Abstract: In an era of green and low-carbon development, the global steel industry has conducted low-carbon research, and various low-carbon technologies have continuously emerged. This paper summarizes the CO2 emission status of the global steel industry and international steel enterprises, such as ArcelorMittal, Nippon Steel, POSCO, and Big River Steel, and summarizes the carbon emission reduction targets and low-carbon development projects of major steel-producing countries, such as the United States and Japan. Based on this, the low-carbon strategy is analyzed in detail, noting that the low-carbon development direction of the international iron and steel industry is mainly focused on developing electric furnace processes, hydrogen metallurgy technology, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, and clean energy utilization. In addition, the EU is actively building a carbon emission trading system and achieving carbon reduction using policies and regulations such as a carbon tax and carbon border tax. After analyzing the low-carbon development situation of the international steel industry, this paper focuses on the low-carbon green development of the domestic steel industry. Firstly, combined with the total output of crude steel, total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions per ton of steel, and other data of China’s iron and steel industry, this paper analyzes the status quo of carbon emissions in China’s iron and steel industry. Secondly, it summarizes the carbon emission reduction targets of Baosteel, HBIS, and other large state-owned iron and steel enterprises. Thirdly, the countermeasures for China’s steel industry to achieve a “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” are summarized as follows: implement crude steel output control, adjust the production process structure, conduct research and development of low-carbon energy-saving technology, and build a carbon trading system; among them, reduction development and process structure adjustment are the main future directions of low-carbon development of China’s iron and steel industry, while low-carbon energy-saving technology and a carbon trading system are important guarantees for China’s iron and steel industry to achieve carbon neutrality. Finally, to make the four macro strategies proposed above more specific and visualized, a typical steel enterprise in China is selected based on its technical characteristics, geographical location, resource endowment, and development planning. Seven emission reduction paths, including iron resource optimization, process optimization and reconstruction, system energy efficiency improvement, energy consumption structure optimization, low-carbon technology transformation, industrial coordination, and carbon reduction management enhancement, are analyzed and proposed to point out the direction of green and low-carbon development for the enterprise.
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Key words:
- CO2 emission /
- carbon peak /
- carbon neutrality /
- low-carbon technology /
- steel
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圖 1 全球鋼鐵企業粗鋼產量、噸鋼碳排放及噸鋼能耗情況
Figure 1. Crude steel output, carbon emission, and energy consumption per ton of steel of global steel enterprises
圖 2 2007—2018年ArcelorMittal碳排放量變化圖
Figure 2. ArcelorMittal carbon emissions bar graph from 2007 to 2018
圖 3 2015—2019年Nippon Steel Corporation碳排放量變化圖
Figure 3. Nippon Steel Corporation carbon emissions bar graph from 2015 to 2019
圖 4 2017—2020年POSCO碳排放量變化圖
Figure 4. POSCO carbon emissions bar graph from 2017 to 2020
圖 5 2015—2019年中鋼碳排放量變化圖
Figure 5. China Steel (Taiwan) carbon emissions bar graph from 2015 to 2019
圖 6 2017年~2020年美國大河鋼鐵廠碳排放量變化圖
Figure 6. Big River Steel carbon emissions bar graph from 2017 to 2020
圖 7 碳交易基本原理圖
Figure 7. Basic principles of carbon trading
Note: ECX: European climate exchange; CCX: Chicago climate exchange; ACX: Asia carbon exchange; CLIMEX: Dutch climate exchange[24]
表 1 主要產鋼國及鋼鐵企業低碳發展戰略目標一覽表
Table 1. List of low-carbon development strategic goals of major steel-producing countries and steel companies
Country/Industry Low carbon development strategic goals Related policy documents United States On the basis of greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, strive to reduce
emissions by 30% in 2025, 42% in 2030, and 83% in 2050《American Clean Energy and Security Act》 United States Steel
CorporationReduce greenhouse gas emission intensity by 20% by 2030 Nucor Corporation 35% reduction in 2015 total CO2 emissions by 2030 《Nucor 2020 Corporate Sustainability Report》 Japan On the basis of 2008 greenhouse gas emissions, strive to
achieve a reduction of 60% to 80% by 2050《Striving For A Low Carbon Society In Japan》
《Action Plan For Realizing Low
Carbon Society》Nippon Steel
CorporationBy 2030, CO2 emissions will be reduced by
30% from 2013 to 70 million tonsKorea On the basis of 2017 greenhouse gas emissions, strive to achieve
a 24.4% reduction in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2050《Basic Law On Low Carbon Green Growth》
《2050 Long Term Low Greenhouse Gas
Emission Development Strategy》POSCO Short-term goal: 20% CO2 reduction in 2030
Intermediate-term goal: 50% CO2 reduction in 2040
Long-term goal: carbon neutrality by 2050
Emission reduction baseline: Average CO2 emission of
enterprises from 2017 to 2019 (78.8 million tons)Hyundai Steel 80% CO2 reduction by 2050 European Union Greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 are based on a 55%
reduction in 1990 and full carbon neutrality by 2050《European Green New Deal》
《2030 Climate Target Plan》ArcelorMittal CO2 emissions from European operations in 2030 are reduced
by 30% based on 2018 (194 million tons),
Achieving net-zero carbon emissions overall by 2050ThyssenKrupp 30% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2030,
The total output of green steel reaches 3 million tonsTata Steel Europe CO2 emissions will be reduced by 30% to 40% in 2030,
Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050
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表 2 主要產鋼國低碳項目/技術一覽表
Table 2. List of low-carbon projects/technologies in major steel-producing countries
Country/Region Participating units Low carbon project/ Technical name United States U.S. Department of Energy
American Iron and Steel Institute1. Research project on new technologies of CO2 emission in steel
production and low carbon steelmaking
2. Iron Ore Melting Oxidation Electrolysis Technology
3. Hydrogen-based Reduction Ironmaking Flash Melting TechnologyNucor Corporation 100% Wind Energy Powered Steelmaking Project Evraz Group、American Electric Power Company 100% Solar Powered Steelmaking Project Japan Japan Iron and Steel Federation COURSE50 Japan Iron and Steel Institute Zero emission power generation technology Korea Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of Korea COOLSTAR European Union European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP) ULCOS Germany ThyssenKrupp Carbon2Chem Salzgitter、Tenova SALCOS ArcelorMittal MIDREX H2 Sweden SSAB、LKAB、Vattenfall HYBRIT Austria Voestalpine、Siemens AG、Verbund H2FUTURE
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表 3 各制氫技術成本一覽表[21]
Table 3. List of Costs of various hydrogen production technologies
Types of hydrogen production Hydrogen production method Energy price Hydrogen production cost Hydrogen production from
water electrolysisValley Electricity Electrolysis Hydrogen Production 0.3 ￥·(kW·h)?1 20 ￥·kg?1 Industrial Electricity Electrolysis Hydrogen Production 0.6 ￥·(kW·h)?1 38 ￥·kg?1 Green Electricity Electrolysis Hydrogen Production 0.1 ￥·(kW·h)?1 10 ￥·kg?1 Hydrogen production
from fossil fuelsCoal hydrogen production 550 ￥·t?1 10 ￥·kg?1 Hydrogen production from natural gas 3 ￥·m?3 13 ￥·kg?1
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表 4 國內部分鋼鐵企業碳達峰、碳中和行動規劃
Table 4. Action plan for carbon peak and carbon neutrality of some domestic steel companies
Steel Company Proposed Carbon Peaking, Carbon Neutrality Target Plan China Baowu Steel Group
Corporation LimitedCarbon peak in 2023 By 2025, have the technological ability to reduce carbon by 30% 30% carbon reduction from peak carbon emissions by 2035 Carbon neutrality in 2050 HBIS Group Corporation
LimitedCarbon peak in 2022 Reduce carbon emissions by more than 10% from peak carbon emissions by 2025 Reduce carbon emissions by more than 30% from peak carbon emissions by 2030 Carbon neutrality in 2050 Baotou Iron and Steel Group
Corporation LimitedCarbon peak in 2023 By 2030, have the technological ability to reduce carbon by 30% 50% carbon reduction from peak carbon emissions by 2042 Carbon neutrality in 2050 Anshan Iron and Steel Group
Corporation LimitedCarbon peak by 2025 Achieve breakthroughs in the industrialization of cutting-edge
low-carbon metallurgical technology by 203030% carbon reduction from peak carbon emissions by 2035
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