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摘要: 針對裂隙性儲層水力壓裂行為中出現的圍巖維護、增透效率與地下水害防治等實際問題，本文對多場多相耦合作用下起裂壓力控制機制，以及壓裂性評價展開了深入研究。首先分析了射孔集中力對原始應力場的改造作用；其次，考慮壓裂液在儲層原生裂隙中的滲透作用；最后，基于斷裂力學強度準則建立了水平井起裂壓力計算模型。根據模型分析了儲層裂隙場幾何參數對起裂壓力的控制作用，提出了裂隙場特征參數的概念。研究結果表明，水平井水力壓裂是流固多相在射孔應力場、壓裂液滲流場以及儲層裂隙場耦合空間內相互作用過程，裂隙場特征參數對起裂壓力的大小起著主導控制作用，其中最大控制因素為儲層隙寬，且當儲層隙寬在200～700 μm區間內時，水力壓裂對改善其滲透性能才有實際意義，從而解決了裂隙性儲層起裂壓力的定量化與壓裂性評判問題。經實例計算與對比發現，蘇里格氣田東區H8段的砂巖儲層，起裂壓力的理論值與實測值契合度較高，壓裂后的產能也十分理想，從而驗證了模型的正確性，可以為水平井壓裂施工提供理論依據。Abstract: There are many practical engineering problems in the hydraulic fracturing of crack reservoirs, such as the maintenance of wall rock, the efficiency of reservoir's permeability and the prevention of groundwater hazard. In this paper, the control mechanism of fracture pressure under multi-field and multi-phase coupling in horizontal wells and the fracturing evaluation of crack reservoirs were studied deeply to address these issues. Firstly, the transformation effect of the perforation concentration on the original stress field was analyzed. Secondly, the permeability of fracturing fluid in the primary fractures was considered. Finally, based on the strength principle of fracture mechanics, the calculation model of fracture pressure for horizontal wells in the reservoir was established. Furthermore, the influence of the spatial geometric parameters of the fracture field on the initiation pressure was analyzed, and the concept of the characteristic parameters of the fracture field was proposed. The results indicate that the coupling of fluid-solid multiphase in the fields of perforation stress, fracturing fluid permeation and original fracture leads to horizontal well hydraulic fracturing, and the characteristic parameter of fracture field plays a leading role in controlling the initiation pressure. Among them, the biggest controlling factor on initiation pressure is crack width. When the crack width of reservoir is within 200–700 μm, hydraulic fracturing has practical significance for improving reservoir permeability, which solves the problem about the quantification of initiation pressure and the fracturing evaluation in crack reservoirs. By calculating initiation pressure and contrasting to engineering example, it is found that the productivity of the sandstone reservoir is very ideal in the H8 section of the eastern Sulige gas field after hydraulic fracturing, and the theoretical value of fracture initiation pressure is in good agreement with the measured value, which verifies the correctness of the model. These can provide theoretical basis for fracturing construction of horizontal wells.
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Key words:
- horizontal well /
- many field and heterogeneous /
- cracking medium /
- cracking pressure /
- wide of fracture
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圖 4 起裂壓力理論值與實測值對比圖
Figure 4. Comparison of theoretical and measured values of cracking pressure
表 1 焦作礦區裂隙場特征參數統計表
Table 1. Characteristic parameter statistics table of fracture field in Jiaozuo mining areas
Number Crack half length,
a / mAverage crack width,
b / mCrack average distance,
s/mCrack surface roughness,
λ[22]Rock permeability coefficient,
K/ (m·s–1)Fracture toughness constant,
KIC / (MPa·m1/2)1 0.01 4.0×10–4 5.26×10–3 1/12 1.24×10–2 0.118 2 0.018 2.3×10–4 1.22×10–3 1/12 1.02×10–2 0.212 3 0.004 3.8×10–4 3.85×10–3 1/12 1.46×10–2 0.047 4 0.015 4.0×10–4 5.88×10–3 1/12 1.11×10–2 0.175 5 0.025 3.0×10–4 2.17×10–3 1/12 1.27×10–2 0.295 
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表 2 裂縫控制參數影響度分析表
Table 2. Sensitivity analysis table of crack control parameter influence
i Reference value Fluctuation range of uncertainties b / μm 342 –100% –80% –60% –40% –20% 0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Db / (N·m–1） 100 0 0 0.41 4.67 26.2 100 299 753 1679 3403 6403.2 a / cm 1.44 –100% –80% –60% –40% –20% 0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Da / (N·m–1） 100 –– 2501.3 625.3 277.9 152.6 100 69.5 51.1 39.1 30.9 25.1 s / mm 3.676 –100% –80% –60% –40% –20% 0 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Ds / (N·m–1） 100 –– 500 250 166.7 125.0 100 83.3 71.4 62.5 55.6 50.0 Note：Db, Da and Da are crack control parameters related to b, a and s, respectively.
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表 3 起裂壓力理論值與實測值對比表
Table 3. Comparison table of theoretical and measured values of cracking pressure
Burial depth / m Perforation half pitch, L / m Wellbore radius,
Rw / mCrack field characteristic parameters, D /(N·m–1) Poisson ratio, μ Initiation pressure / MPa Theoretical value Actual value 3190 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.306 48.11 52.94 3200 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.251 49.18 47.06 3210 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.305 50.25 52.95 3220 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.250 51.32 50.21 3230 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.260 52.39 48.85 3240 2 0.2 7.653×104 0.319 53.46 53.00
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