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摘要: 從礦山地熱致災形式、熱害控制技術、熱能利用方法3個方面，對相關文獻進行歸納，總結已有研究成果。結果表明，礦山地熱的致災形式有加劇煤巖體性質劣化、誘發支護結構失效和導致高溫高濕環境三類，具體包括加劇圍巖變形破壞、誘發吸附瓦斯溢出、降低錨桿錨固強度、加劇錨護材料腐蝕、損害工人身心健康、降低工人工作效率和增加機械設備故障率七方面。熱害控制技術有非人工降溫技術和人工降溫技術兩種，其中非人工降溫技術分為熱源控制技術、熱濕環境調控技術和個體防護技術3類；根據制冷工質不同，可以將人工制冷降溫系統分成氣冷式、冰冷式和水冷式3大類，包括壓縮空氣制冷降溫、冰制冷降溫、地面集中制冷降溫、地面排熱井下集中降溫、回風排熱井下集中降溫、地面熱電聯產制冷降溫和熱害資源化利用等制冷系統。通過提取礦井水和礦井回風中的余熱用于礦區井口防凍、洗浴供暖和建筑物供暖，是目前礦山地熱利用的主要方法。而直接提取巷道圍巖熱能的同時實現礦井降溫是近年來的研究熱點，也是礦山地熱直接利用的關鍵；將地埋管換熱器布置在采空區充填材料或巷道圍巖內提取圍巖熱能、實現礦區多種清潔能源協同利用是未來礦山地熱利用的發展方向之一。Abstract: The gradual increase in mining depth will inevitably lead to several problems because of mine geothermal energy. However, although mine geothermal energy poses dangers such as high temperature and heat hazards, it is also a resource that can be developed and utilized. Based on the existing research results, this paper first summarized the disaster-causing forms of mine geothermal energy. Then, the current prevention and control technologies of mine heat hazards were reviewed. Finally, the main utilization methods of mine geothermal energy were summarized. The findings show that the forms of disasters caused by mine geothermal energy can be classified into three types: aggravating the deterioration of coal and rock mass, inducing the failure of supporting structures, and creating high-temperature and high-humidity environments, including aggravating the deformation and failure of surrounding rock, inducing adsorption gas overflow, reducing the anchor pullout force, aggravating the corrosion of the anchor structure, damaging workers’ physical and mental health, reducing the labor efficiency of workers and machines, and increasing the failure rate of machinery and equipment. Two types of heat hazard control technologies are used: artificial and non-artificial cooling technologies. Non-artificial cooling technology can be divided into three categories: heat source control technology, heat-humidity environment control technology, and individual protection technology. According to various refrigerants, an artificial cooling system can be divided into three categories: air-cooled, ice-cooled, and water-cooled, including compressed air refrigeration cooling systems, ice-cooling systems, ground centralized refrigeration cooling systems, surface heat dissipation, underground centralized refrigeration cooling systems, return air exhaust heating underground centralized refrigeration cooling systems, ground cogeneration refrigeration cooling systems, and resource utilization of heat-harm systems. Extracting waste heat from mine water and mine return air for defreezing of the mine head, bath heating, and building heating is the main method for using mine geothermal energy at present, which can effectively reduce the consumption of primary energy at the same time; thus, it is of great significance for promoting green mining and sustainable development of coal mines. Using a buried tube heat exchanger to extract thermal energy from surrounding rock and realizing the coordinated use of several types of clean energy in a mining area is a future development direction for mine geothermal energy use. By drilling holes in the surrounding rock of a coal mine roadway, the buried pipe heat exchanger is arranged in the surrounding rock of the roadway, and water or organic matter is used as a heat exchange medium. The geothermal energy of roadway surrounding rock is extracted using ground source heat pump technology. In addition, for mining areas with excellent lighting conditions or sufficient wind energy, wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation/heat collection can be used simultaneously, and the produced electric energy and thermal energy can be directly used by users and for water pumps, heat pump units, and so on. The results of this paper provide a reference for mine heat hazard control and resource utilization in our country.
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圖 9 人工制冷降溫系統的構成 (Tcond: 冷凝溫度; Tevap: 蒸發溫度; Wref: 制冷機功率; Wpump: 水泵功率; Wair: 空冷器功率; ?E: 沿程損失冷量; Qeff : 有效制冷量)
Figure 9. Composition of artificial refrigeration cooling system (Tcond: condensate temperature; Tevap: evaporation temperature; Wref : refrigerator power; Wpump: pump power; Wair: power of air cooler; ?E: cooling loss; Qeff : effective refrigerating capacity)
圖 10 壓縮空氣制冷降溫系統制冷原理
Figure 10. Principles of the compressed air refrigeration cooling system
圖 12 地面集中制冷降溫系統原理
Figure 12. Principles of the ground centralized refrigeration cooling system
圖 13 地面熱電聯產制冷降溫系統原理
Figure 13. Principles of the ground cogeneration refrigeration cooling system
圖 14 回風排熱井下集中降溫系統原理
Figure 14. Principles of the return air exhaust heating underground centralized refrigeration cooling system
圖 15 地面排熱井下集中降溫系統原理
Figure 15. Principles of surface heat dissipation and the underground centralized refrigeration cooling system
圖 23 多種清潔能源協同利用系統圖
Figure 23. System of coordinated utilization of various clean energy sources
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